Water Sources Diagram and Its Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. WSD Methodology
- Priority of use of flowrate from an internal source for the next interval of the same operation, so as not to divide the operation;
- Aiming at the maximum use of internal sources, the use of external sources should only be practiced when there is no internal source available;
- The priority for the use of internal sources is always from the source with the highest concentration to the one with the lowest concentration.
3. WSD Applications
4. Future Perspectives
- Water Sources Diagram (WSD): Minimization of freshwater consumption in a process system;
- Wastewater Sources Diagram (WWSD): Minimization of wastewater generation;
- Hydrogen Sources Diagram (HSD): Minimization of hydrogen consumption in a process system;
- Health Care and Wellness Sources Diagram (HCSD): Generation of scenarios to establish targets for systems of healthcare and wellness sources diagram;
- Cooling Water Sources Diagram (CWSD): Minimization of the use of water in cooling water systems;
- Carbon Sources Diagram (CSD): Minimization of GHGs by the better allocation of carbon energy sources;
- Supply Chain Sources Diagram (SCSD): Optimal material distribution allocation.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Operation | Mass Load (kg/h) | Flowrate (t/h) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 20 |
2 | 5 | 50 | 100 | 100 |
3 | 30 | 50 | 800 | 40 |
4 | 4 | 400 | 800 | 10 |
Sector | Water Reduction (%) | Cost Reduction | References |
---|---|---|---|
Oil refinery | 5% (725 t/h) | 20% (1,156,945 $/year) | [25] |
17% (119 t/h) | (OPEX/CAPEX) 17% (2,004,777) | [26] | |
Petrochemical | 22% (2,636 t/d) 33% (2,044 t/d) | 14% ($196,555) (OPEX) 24% (609,196 $/year) | [27] [28] |
Citrus juices | 24% (181 t/h) | 14% (379,615 $/year) (OPEX/CAPEX) | [27] |
Textile | 18% (36 t/h) 64% | 18% (63,674 $/year) (OPEX) | [27] [19] |
- | |||
Pulp and paper | 89% (142 t/h) 41% (212 t/h) | 80% (481,934 $/year) (OPEX/CAPEX) - | [18] [17] |
Steel industry | 96% (6,135 t/h) | 77% (42,101,332 R$/year) (operational) | [29] |
Industrial wastewater treatment unit | 12% (989 m3/month) | Reduction in variable production costs: 144,000 R$/year | [30] |
Thermoelectric | 16% (181 m3/month) | 769,280 $/year | [20] |
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Calixto, E.E.d.S.; Pessoa, F.L.P.; Mirre, R.C.; Francisco, F.d.S.; Queiroz, E.M. Water Sources Diagram and Its Applications. Processes 2020, 8, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030313
Calixto EEdS, Pessoa FLP, Mirre RC, Francisco FdS, Queiroz EM. Water Sources Diagram and Its Applications. Processes. 2020; 8(3):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030313
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalixto, Ewerton Emmanuel da Silva, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa, Reinaldo Coelho Mirre, Flávio da Silva Francisco, and Eduardo Mach Queiroz. 2020. "Water Sources Diagram and Its Applications" Processes 8, no. 3: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030313