An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Exosomes
2.1. Structure and Functions
2.2. Biogenesis
2.3. Exosome-Like Endogenous Nanosystems
2.4. Immunotherapeutic Potential of Exosomes
3. Isolation Techniques
3.1. Traditional Methods
3.1.1. Differential Centrifugation/Ultracentrifugation
3.1.2. Density Gradient Centrifugation
3.1.3. Immunoaffinity Isolation Techniques
3.1.4. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
3.1.5. Hydrophilic Polymer Precipitation
3.2. Novel Methods
3.2.1. Stirred Ultrafiltration
3.2.2. Nanoplasmon-Enchanced Scattering (nPES)
4. Exosome Loading Strategies
4.1. Pre-Loading Methods
Incubation with Donor Cells
4.2. Post-Loading Methods
4.2.1. Incubation with Exosomes
4.2.2. Electroporation
4.2.3. Sonication
4.2.4. Freeze/Thaw Cycles
4.2.5. Saponin Assisted Incubation
5. Exosomes as Nanosystems of Nucleic Acids and Drugs
5.1. Paclitaxel
5.2. siRNA
5.3. Doxorubicin-Loaded Nanoparticles
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Complexes | Yeast | Human |
---|---|---|
ESCRT-0 | Vps27 | Hrs |
Hse1 | STAM1,2 | |
ESCRT-I | Vps23 | Tsg101 |
Vps28 | Vps28 | |
Vps37 | Vps37 A, B, C, D | |
Mvb12 | Mvb12 A, B | |
ESCRT-II | Vps36 | EAP45 |
Vps22 | EAP30 | |
Vps25 | EAP20 | |
ESCRT-III | Vps20 | CHMP6 |
Snf7 | CHMP4 A, B, C | |
Vps24 | CHMP3 | |
Vps2 | CHMP2 A, B | |
Vps4 Complex | Vps4 | Vps4 A, B |
Year | Disease | Phase | Exosome Source | Formulation | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | Colon cancer | Phase I | Plant derived | Exosomes loaded with curcumin | Active |
2012 | Head and neck cancer | Phase I | Plant derived | Powder to prevent oral mucositis derived from chemoradiation | Active |
2013 | Malignant ascites | Phase II | Tumour cell derived | Exosomes loaded with Chemotherapeutic drugs | Unknown |
2016 | Malignant pleural effusion | Phase II | Tumour cell derived | Exosomes loaded with cisplatin | Recruiting |
2020 | Stage IV pancreatic cancer | Phase I | Mesenchymal Stromal Cells | Exosomes loaded with KRAS G12D siRNA | Not yet recruiting |
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Rodrigues, P.; Melim, C.; Veiga, F.; Figueiras, A. An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem. Processes 2020, 8, 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121561
Rodrigues P, Melim C, Veiga F, Figueiras A. An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem. Processes. 2020; 8(12):1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121561
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Paulo, Catarina Melim, Francisco Veiga, and Ana Figueiras. 2020. "An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem" Processes 8, no. 12: 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121561
APA StyleRodrigues, P., Melim, C., Veiga, F., & Figueiras, A. (2020). An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem. Processes, 8(12), 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121561