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Volume 14
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10.3390/pr14010111
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Circular Bioprocessing of Chlorella sp. Biomass via Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2 Fermentation for the Production of High-Value Enzymes, Glycerol, and Acetic Acid

by
Vitória Dassoler Longo
1,2,
Marcelli Powzum Amorim
2,3,
Nair Mirely Freire Pinheiro Silveira
1,2,
Isabely Sandi Baldasso
1,2,
Emanuely Fagundes da Silva
1,2,
Arielle Cristina Fornari
4,
Sérgio L. Alves, Jr.
5,
Mateus Torres Nazari
6 and
Helen Treichel
1,2,*
1
Undergraduate Program in Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil
3
Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil
4
Laboratory of Analytical Tests, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil
5
Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
6
Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo 99052-900, RS, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010111 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 2 December 2025 / Revised: 24 December 2025 / Accepted: 27 December 2025 / Published: 28 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Production Using Industrial and Agricultural By-Products)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The transition to a circular economy and the pursuit of environmental sustainability are driving humanity to develop alternative technologies for producing a range of bioproducts. In this context, microbial-mediated fermentation processes have gained prominence. Although yeasts are well known for their ability to produce alcohols, they can also generate a wide range of value-added bioproducts. At the same time, microalgae emerge as an advantageous unconventional raw material, as their cultivation does not require arable land, thus avoiding competition with food production. To meet this demand, this study aimed to produce biocomposites through submerged fermentation using biomass from the microalgae Chlorella sp. Enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized using a 22 Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), with algal biomass and enzyme mass as independent variables. This step was followed by fermentation with the yeast Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2. The enzyme alpha amylase employed is of commercial origin, commonly used in the brewing industry, characterized by its easy accessibility and lower environmental impact compared to chemical hydrolysis methods. The results demonstrated that the combination of microalgae biomass with the enzyme preparation led to the production of several compounds of interest, such as highly active enzymes, mainly protease (560 U/mL), catalase (3381 U/mL), and peroxidase (277 U/mL), as well as other compounds, such as glycerol (32.5 g/L) and acetic acid (22.8 g/L). These products have wide industrial applications and a strong market demand, reinforcing the potential of the yeast–microalgae synergy for the sustainable production of high-value biocompounds, which represents a matrix of environmentally friendly products.
Keywords: biorefinery; catalase; circular economy; microalgae; peroxidase; protease; yeast biorefinery; catalase; circular economy; microalgae; peroxidase; protease; yeast

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MDPI and ACS Style

Longo, V.D.; Amorim, M.P.; Silveira, N.M.F.P.; Baldasso, I.S.; Silva, E.F.d.; Fornari, A.C.; Alves, S.L., Jr.; Nazari, M.T.; Treichel, H. Circular Bioprocessing of Chlorella sp. Biomass via Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2 Fermentation for the Production of High-Value Enzymes, Glycerol, and Acetic Acid. Processes 2026, 14, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010111

AMA Style

Longo VD, Amorim MP, Silveira NMFP, Baldasso IS, Silva EFd, Fornari AC, Alves SL Jr., Nazari MT, Treichel H. Circular Bioprocessing of Chlorella sp. Biomass via Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2 Fermentation for the Production of High-Value Enzymes, Glycerol, and Acetic Acid. Processes. 2026; 14(1):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010111

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longo, Vitória Dassoler, Marcelli Powzum Amorim, Nair Mirely Freire Pinheiro Silveira, Isabely Sandi Baldasso, Emanuely Fagundes da Silva, Arielle Cristina Fornari, Sérgio L. Alves, Jr., Mateus Torres Nazari, and Helen Treichel. 2026. "Circular Bioprocessing of Chlorella sp. Biomass via Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2 Fermentation for the Production of High-Value Enzymes, Glycerol, and Acetic Acid" Processes 14, no. 1: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010111

APA Style

Longo, V. D., Amorim, M. P., Silveira, N. M. F. P., Baldasso, I. S., Silva, E. F. d., Fornari, A. C., Alves, S. L., Jr., Nazari, M. T., & Treichel, H. (2026). Circular Bioprocessing of Chlorella sp. Biomass via Wickerhamomyces sp. UFFS-CE-3.1.2 Fermentation for the Production of High-Value Enzymes, Glycerol, and Acetic Acid. Processes, 14(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010111

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