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10.3390/pr12102257
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Review

Opportunities and Constraints of the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements onto Pyrolytic Carbon-Based Materials: A Mini-Review

by
Miguel Nogueira
1,
Maria Bernardo
1,
Márcia Ventura
1,
Inês Matos
1,
Filomena Pinto
2 and
Nuno Lapa
1,*
1
LAQV-REQUIMTE, Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
2
UBB-LNEG, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2024, 12(10), 2257; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102257
Submission received: 9 September 2024 / Revised: 29 September 2024 / Accepted: 15 October 2024 / Published: 16 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Carbon: Contaminant Removal for Environmental Sustainability)
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Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs), comprising seventeen metallic elements, including lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium, are indispensable for modern technological industries due to their unique properties. However, their supply is critically risky for the European Union, with 95% of global production concentrated in China, Brazil, Vietnam, Russia, India, and Australia. This mini-review examines the adsorption of REEs onto pyrolytic carbon-based materials as a sustainable recovery method from secondary raw materials. The review covers different types of carbon-based adsorbents used in several research works, such as activated carbon, chars, and biochar, and discusses their adsorption mechanisms and influencing factors. Comparative analyses of adsorption capacities highlight the significance of surface area and functionalization in enhancing adsorption efficiency. Despite promising results, the variability in adsorption performance due to experimental conditions and the scarcity of real-world application studies are noticed. This review underscores the need for further research using real e-waste leachates to validate the practical applicability of pyrolytic carbon-based adsorbents for REEs’ recovery, aiming for an economically and environmentally sustainable solution.
Keywords: rare earth elements; adsorption; carbon materials; recovery; chars; activated carbons rare earth elements; adsorption; carbon materials; recovery; chars; activated carbons
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MDPI and ACS Style

Nogueira, M.; Bernardo, M.; Ventura, M.; Matos, I.; Pinto, F.; Lapa, N. Opportunities and Constraints of the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements onto Pyrolytic Carbon-Based Materials: A Mini-Review. Processes 2024, 12, 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102257

AMA Style

Nogueira M, Bernardo M, Ventura M, Matos I, Pinto F, Lapa N. Opportunities and Constraints of the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements onto Pyrolytic Carbon-Based Materials: A Mini-Review. Processes. 2024; 12(10):2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102257

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nogueira, Miguel, Maria Bernardo, Márcia Ventura, Inês Matos, Filomena Pinto, and Nuno Lapa. 2024. "Opportunities and Constraints of the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements onto Pyrolytic Carbon-Based Materials: A Mini-Review" Processes 12, no. 10: 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102257

APA Style

Nogueira, M., Bernardo, M., Ventura, M., Matos, I., Pinto, F., & Lapa, N. (2024). Opportunities and Constraints of the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements onto Pyrolytic Carbon-Based Materials: A Mini-Review. Processes, 12(10), 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102257

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