Thermal, Lighting and IAQ Control System for Energy Saving and Comfort Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The design of flexible simulation and control frameworks that allow the modelization and simulation of different environments and the test and comparison of different controllers is not present in the literature. In the design of control systems for energy saving and comfort management in HBA, flexible frameworks can represent a significant tool for designing and prototyping optimal control solutions.
- An assessment of advanced PID control architectures for energy savings and comfort management in HBA is not present in the literature. Exploiting non-standard PID control architectures, coupled control of thermal, lighting, and IAQ subprocesses can be obtained. In this way, unexpected control margins can be detected and control performance can be improved over standard PID solutions.
- The combination of advanced PID control architectures with DEDS for energy savings and comfort management in HBA is not present in the literature. This combination can result in a significant improvement in energy savings and comfort management performances with respect to more standard control architectures.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. PID Control Architectures
2.2. HVAC Simulation Framework
2.2.1. Thermal Model
2.2.2. Lighting Model
2.2.3. IAQ Model
2.2.4. Case Study Additional Details
2.3. HVAC Control Framework
2.3.1. Initial Control System
- Period of the day (i.e., daytime, nighttime)
- Presence or absence of solar radiation
- Thresholds on the tracking error between the desired reference temperature and the room temperature at different ranges were defined (e.g., tracking error range 0 is associated with a tracking error in the range between −0.2 [°C] and 0.2 [°C])
- Thresholds on the difference between the room temperature and the outside temperature at different ranges were defined (e.g., difference range 0 is associated with a difference in the range between −2 [°C] and 2 [°C], while a range 1 is associated with a difference greater than 2 [°C])
- Control efforts required for the heat pump
- System switch off
2.3.2. Modified Control System
- CO2: 1500 [ppm];
- HCHO: 0.1 [ppm];
- TVOC: 300 [].
2.4. Software
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Modelization Results
3.2. Control Results
3.3. Energy Saving Results
4. Conclusions
- The option to test and simulate different control systems in a flexible framework;
- The assessment of different advanced PID control architectures with the goal of achieving a coupled control of thermal, lighting, and IAQ subprocesses;
- The combination of advanced PID control architectures with DEDS for energy-saving and comfort management.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Controller | |||
---|---|---|---|
P | |||
PI | |||
PID |
Controller | |||
---|---|---|---|
P | |||
PI | |||
PID |
Component/Device | Features | SI Measurement Unit |
---|---|---|
Room | ||
Wall-SW | , Vertical | |
Wall-NW | , Vertical | |
Wall-NE | [5.0 2.7], Vertical, (Not Exposed) | |
Wall-SE | [4.0 2.7], Vertical, (Not Exposed) | |
Wall-A | [5.0 4.0], Horizontal | |
Wall-B | [5.0 4.0], Horizontal, (Not Exposed) | |
Window-SW1 | [2 1.25 1], Vertical | |
Window-SW2 | [2 1.25 1], Vertical | |
Heat Pump | COP * = 2.8, Max Power = 4 | |
Artificial Light (Dimmer) | location (2.5, 2.0, 2.4), Flux = 8900 |
Symbol | Description | SI Measurement Unit |
---|---|---|
Heat supplied by internal heat sources (people, lamps, and motors) | ||
heat supplied by heat pump source | ||
heat supplied by walls | ||
, | heat supplied by windows | |
heat supplied by the outside environment | ||
th wall area | ||
th wall adduction coefficient | ||
th glass adduction coefficient | ||
, | solar gain coefficient (th glass, th glass/shutter) | |
number of times air is exchanged through the th window opening | ||
air density | ||
air specific heat | ||
room air mass | ||
air incoming volume (fixed value) from th window | ||
temperature of th layer of th wall | ||
th internal temperature of glass | ||
th internal temperature of glass combined with shutters | ||
room temperature | ||
outside temperature | ||
th glass area | ||
th shutter actuation factor | ||
th glass solar thermal radiation |
Symbol | Description | SI Measurement Unit |
---|---|---|
temperature of th layer of th wall | ||
th glass solar thermal radiation | ||
room temperature | ||
outside temperature | ||
th wall solar thermal radiation | ||
th wall area | ||
thermal transmittance between layers and of the wall | ||
thermal transmittance between layer one of the wall and outdoor air | ||
thermal transmittance between layer five of the wall and indoor air | ||
mass of the layer of the wall | ||
specific heat of the layer of the wall | ||
absorption coefficient of the wall | ||
adduction coefficient of the wall | ||
thermal resistance of the wall | ||
internal flux parameter | ||
th glass area | ||
th glass transparency | ||
th shutter shading factor |
Symbol | Description | SI Measurement Unit |
---|---|---|
environment illuminance at the point of interest | ||
natural diffuse illuminance on the window | ||
natural reflection illuminance on glass | ||
natural direct illuminance on glass | ||
, | environmental influence of natural diffuse/reflections illuminance at the point of interest | |
artificial light source luminous emission | ||
luminous flux of the artificial light source | ||
incidence angle of the light radiation in relation to the point of interest | ||
distance between the point of interest and light source | ||
th glass transparency | ||
natural direct illuminance coefficient | ||
th glass area | ||
reflection coefficient | ||
average reflection coefficient of the walls | ||
total area of the reflective walls | ||
th glass area | ||
efficiency of artificial light source | ||
maintenance factor |
Symbol | Description | SI Measurement Unit |
---|---|---|
room | ||
number of people in the room | ||
emissions for each people (sedentary) | ||
standard conditions air | ||
natural ventilation flow rate | ||
room volume | ||
room | ||
number of the room’s furniture | ||
room’s th furniture area | ||
room’s th furniture emissions per unit area | ||
room | ||
room area | ||
room’s th furniture emissions per unit area | ||
opening width of the window | ||
height of the window | ||
wind speed |
State | Window | Rolling Shutters | Heat Pump |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
S2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
S3 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
S4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
S5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
S6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Event | Description |
---|---|
0 | switch-off of the devices |
1 | daytime, solar radiation, tracking error range 0, difference range 0 |
2 | daytime, no solar radiation, tracking error range 0, difference range 0 |
3 | daytime, solar radiation, tracking error range 0, difference range 1 |
4 | daytime, no solar radiation, tracking error range 0, difference range 1 |
Event | Initial State S1 | Initial State S2 | Initial State S3 | Initial State S4 | Initial State S5 | Initial State S6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | S6 | S6 | S6 | S6 | S6 | S6 |
1 | S1 | S1 | S3 | S4 | S3 | S4 |
2 | S2 | S2 | S5 | S6 | S5 | S6 |
3 | S4 | S4 | S3 | S4 | S3 | S4 |
4 | S6 | S6 | S5 | S6 | S5 | S6 |
Symbol | Description |
---|---|
EC|0101 | PID controller, lighting control |
TC|0102 | PID controller, thermal control |
TEC|0103 | PID controller, thermal limitation |
MPC|0102 | PID controller, motor position control |
TEC|0105 | PID controller, lighting limitation |
MPC|0101 | PID controller, dimmer position control |
MODE | Logic, control mode |
XC|001 | Logic, presence radiation |
XC|002 | Logic, no excessive brightness |
AC|001 | PID controller, CO2 limitation |
AC|002 | PID controller, HCHO limitation |
Parameter | Initial Tuning Value | Final Tuning Value |
---|---|---|
0.24 [°C/W] | 0.24 [°C/W] | |
600 [s] | 20 [s] | |
150 [s] | 150 [s] |
Standard Decoupled PID (Open/Closed Shutters) | Standard Decoupled PID (Half-Open Shutters) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Initialcontrol system (Energy Saving) | Spring 32 [%] | Summer 47 [%] | Spring 29 [%] | Summer 35 [%] |
Autumn 24 [%] | Winter 21 [%] | Autumn 16 [%] | Winter 13 [%] | |
Initialcontrol system (Comfort) | Spring 11 [%] | Summer 41 [%] | Spring 6 [%] | Summer 25 [%] |
Autumn 22 [%] | Winter 19 [%] | Autumn 15 [%] | Winter 11 [%] |
Standard Decoupled PID (Open/Closed Shutters) | Standard Decoupled PID (Half-Open Shutters) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Modifiedcontrol system (Energy Saving) | Spring 32.5 [%] | Summer 48 [%] | Spring 30 [%] | Summer 35.5 [%] |
Autumn 24.5 [%] | Winter 22 [%] | Autumn 16.5 [%] | Winter 14 [%] | |
Modifiedcontrol system (Comfort) | Spring 12 [%] | Summer 42 [%] | Spring 7 [%] | Summer 26 [%] |
Autumn 23 [%] | Winter 20 [%] | Autumn 15.5 [%] | Winter 12 [%] |
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Zanoli, S.M.; Pepe, C. Thermal, Lighting and IAQ Control System for Energy Saving and Comfort Management. Processes 2023, 11, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010222
Zanoli SM, Pepe C. Thermal, Lighting and IAQ Control System for Energy Saving and Comfort Management. Processes. 2023; 11(1):222. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010222
Chicago/Turabian StyleZanoli, Silvia Maria, and Crescenzo Pepe. 2023. "Thermal, Lighting and IAQ Control System for Energy Saving and Comfort Management" Processes 11, no. 1: 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010222