Sex-Related Differences in the Relationship between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Results from Chinese Cross-Sectional Study on Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Participants Recruitment
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption
2.4. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
2.5. Covariant
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Agostinis-Sobrinho, C.; Ruiz, J.R.; Moreira, C.; Abreu, S.; Lopes, L.; Oliveira-Santos, J.; Mota, J.; Santos, R. Cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure: A longitudinal analysis. J. Pediatr. 2018, 192, 130–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramirez-Velez, R.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Mota, J.; Garcia-Hermoso, A. Comparison of different maximal oxygen uptake equations to discriminate the cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2018, 194, 152–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raghuveer, G.; Hartz, J.; Lubans, D.R.; Takken, T.; Wiltz, J.L.; Mietus-Snyder, M.; Perak, A.M.; Baker-Smith, C.; Pietris, N.; Edwards, N.M. Cardiorespiratory fitness in youth: An important marker of health: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 2020, 142, e101–e118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mintjens, S.; Menting, M.D.; Daams, J.G.; van Poppel, M.; Roseboom, T.J.; Gemke, R. Cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence affects future cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 2577–2605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomkinson, G.R.; Lang, J.J.; Tremblay, M.S. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019, 53, 478–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lopez-Bueno, R.; Calatayud, J.; Andersen, L.L.; Casana, J.; Ezzatvar, Y.; Casajus, J.A.; Lopez-Sanchez, G.F.; Smith, L. Cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents before and after the COVID-19 confinement: A prospective cohort study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2021, 180, 2287–2293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarnig, G.; Kerbl, R.; van Poppel, M. The Impact of COVID-19-Related Mitigation Measures on the Health and Fitness Status of Primary School Children in Austria: A Longitudinal Study with Data from 708 Children Measured before and during the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Sports 2022, 10, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanhelst, J.; Beghin, L.; Drumez, E.; Casajus, J.A.; De Henauw, S.; Widhalm, K.; Molina, C.; Karaglani, E.; Gottrand, F. School time is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: The HELENA study. J. Sports Sci. 2021, 39, 2068–2072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Yin, X.; Ji, L.; Song, G.; Wu, H.; Li, Y.; Wang, G.; Bi, C.; Sun, Y.; Li, M.; et al. Differences in cardiorespiratory fitness between chinese and japanese children and adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scharf, R.J.; Deboer, M.D. Sugar-Sweetened beverages and children’s health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2016, 37, 273–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, D.; Cheng, L.; Jiang, W. Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 245, 348–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bleich, S.N.; Vercammen, K.A. The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: An update of the literature. BMC Obes. 2018, 5, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, P.; Li, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, Q.; Sun, X.; Liu, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, T.; Chen, X.; Zhou, Q.; et al. Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2020, 35, 655–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blecher, E.; Liber, A.C.; Drope, J.M.; Nguyen, B.; Stoklosa, M. Global Trends in the Affordability of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, 1990–2016. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2017, 14, E37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, E.; Kim, T.H.; Powell, L.M. Beverage consumption and individual-level associations in South Korea. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Y.; Li, S.; Khan, J.; Dai, Z.; Li, C.; Hu, X.; Shen, Q.; Xue, Y. Sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages consumption linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and All-Cause mortality: A systematic review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ambrosini, G.L.; Oddy, W.H.; Huang, R.C.; Mori, T.A.; Beilin, L.J.; Jebb, S.A. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richelsen, B. Sugar-sweetened beverages and cardio-metabolic disease risks. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013, 16, 478–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pietrantoni, D.; Mayrovitz, H.N. The Impacts of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) on Cardiovascular Health. Cureus 2022, 14, e26908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malik, V.S. Sugar sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2017, 32, 572–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- CNSSCH Association. Report on the 2014th National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health; China College & University Press: Beijing, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Z.; Li, Y.; Hu, P.; Ma, J.; Song, Y. Prevalence of Anemia and its Associated Factors among Chinese 9-, 12-, and 14-Year-Old Children: Results from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dong, Y.; Chen, M.; Chen, L.; Wen, B.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Ma, Y.; Song, Y.; Ma, J.; Lau, P. Individual-, family-, and School-Level ecological correlates with physical fitness among chinese School-Aged children and adolescents: A national Cross-Sectional survey in 2014. Front. Nutr. 2021, 8, 684286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomkinson, G.R.; Lang, J.J.; Tremblay, M.S.; Dale, M.; Leblanc, A.G.; Belanger, K.; Ortega, F.B.; Leger, L. International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. Br. J. Sports Med. 2017, 51, 1545–1554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rinaldo, N.; Toselli, S.; Gualdi-Russo, E.; Khyatti, M.; Gihbid, A.; Zaccagni, L. Anthropometric assessment of general and central obesity in urban moroccan women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gui, Z.H.; Zhu, Y.N.; Cai, L.; Sun, F.H.; Ma, Y.H.; Jing, J.; Chen, Y.J. Sugar-Sweetened beverage consumption and risks of obesity and hypertension in chinese children and adolescents: A national Cross-Sectional analysis. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand-Miller, J.C.; Barclay, A.W. Declining consumption of added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages in Australia: A challenge for obesity prevention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 105, 854–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garriguet, D. Beverage consumption of children and teens. Health Rep. 2008, 19, 17–22. [Google Scholar]
- Kalavana, T.V.; Maes, S.; De Gucht, V. Interpersonal and self-regulation determinants of healthy and unhealthy eating behavior in adolescents. J. Health Psychol. 2010, 15, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rageliene, T.; Gronhoj, A. The influence of peers’ and siblings’ on children’s and adolescents’ healthy eating behavior. A systematic literature review. Appetite 2020, 148, 104592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makinen, M.; Puukko-Viertomies, L.R.; Lindberg, N.; Siimes, M.A.; Aalberg, V. Body dissatisfaction and body mass in girls and boys transitioning from early to mid-adolescence: Additional role of self-esteem and eating habits. BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Leung, A.W.; Jago, R.; Yu, S.C.; Zhao, W.H. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors among chinese children: Recent trends and correlates. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2021, 34, 425–438. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cuenca-Garcia, M.; Ortega, F.B.; Huybrechts, I.; Ruiz, J.R.; Gonzalez-Gross, M.; Ottevaere, C.; Sjostrom, M.; Diaz, L.E.; Ciarapica, D.; Molnar, D.; et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary intake in European adolescents: The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 107, 1850–1859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gan, X.; Wen, X.; Lu, Y.; Yu, K. Economic growth and cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents in urban areas: A panel data analysis of 27 provinces in china, 1985–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deren, K.; Weghuber, D.; Caroli, M.; Koletzko, B.; Thivel, D.; Frelut, M.L.; Socha, P.; Grossman, Z.; Hadjipanayis, A.; Wyszynska, J.; et al. Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened beverages in paediatric age: A position paper of the european academy of paediatrics and the european childhood obesity group. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2019, 74, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malik, V.S.; Schulze, M.B.; Hu, F.B. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 274–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grosso, G.; Bella, F.; Godos, J.; Sciacca, S.; Del, R.D.; Ray, S.; Galvano, F.; Giovannucci, E.L. Possible role of diet in cancer: Systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk. Nutr. Rev. 2017, 75, 405–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deboer, M.D.; Scharf, R.J.; Demmer, R.T. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in 2- to 5-year-old children. Pediatrics 2013, 132, 413–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Denton, S.J.; Trenell, M.I.; Plotz, T.; Savory, L.A.; Bailey, D.P.; Kerr, C.J. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with hard and light intensity physical activity but not time spent sedentary in 10–14 year old schoolchildren: The HAPPY study. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristensen, P.L.; Moeller, N.C.; Korsholm, L.; Kolle, E.; Wedderkopp, N.; Froberg, K.; Andersen, L.B. The association between aerobic fitness and physical activity in children and adolescents: The European youth heart study. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010, 110, 267–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Cao, Z.B. Physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | SSB Consumption | Total | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤1 Time/Week | 2–4 Time/Week | ≥5 Times/Week | ||||
N | 7021 (33.3%) | 11,114 (52.8%) | 2920 (13.9%) | 21,055 | 7174.957 | <0.001 |
Sex | ||||||
Boys | 3251 (46.3%) | 5898 (53.1%) | 1748 (59.9%) | 10,897 (51.8%) | 168.107 | <0.001 |
Girls | 3770 (53.7%) | 5216 (46.9%) | 1172 (40.1%) | 10,158 (48.2%) | ||
Father’s education | ||||||
Elementary school and below | 786 (11.2%) | 1206 (10.9%) | 281 (9.6%) | 2273 (10.8%) | 69.666 | <0.001 |
Junior high school | 2510 (35.7%) | 4170 (37.5%) | 913 (31.3%) | 7593 (36.1%) | ||
High school | 2303 (32.8%) | 3774 (34.0%) | 1104 (37.8%) | 7181 (34.1%) | ||
College and above | 1422 (20.3%) | 1964 (17.7%) | 622 (21.3%) | 4008 (19.0%) | ||
Mother’s education | ||||||
Elementary school and below | 1145 (16.3%) | 1833 (16.5%) | 407 (13.9%) | 3385 (16.1%) | 76.836 | <0.001 |
Junior high school | 2454 (35.0%) | 4006 (36.0%) | 922 (31.6%) | 7382 (35.1%) | ||
High school | 2242 (31.9%) | 3680 (33.1%) | 1011 (34.6%) | 6933 (32.9%) | ||
College and above | 1180 (16.8%) | 1595 (14.4%) | 580 (19.9%) | 3355 (15.9%) | ||
Screen time | ||||||
<60 min/d | 4353 (62.0%) | 5471 (49.2%) | 1273 (43.6%) | 11,097 (52.7%) | 492.666 | <0.001 |
60–120 min/d | 1747 (24.9%) | 3583 (32.2%) | 859 (29.4%) | 6189 (29.4%) | ||
>120 min/d | 921 (13.1%) | 2060 (18.5%) | 788 (27.0%) | 3769 (17.9%) | ||
Duration of physical activity | ||||||
<30 min/d | 3340 (47.6%) | 4612 (41.5%) | 1302 (44.6%) | 9254 (44.0%) | 118.145 | <0.001 |
30–60 min/d | 2687 (38.3%) | 4889 (44.0%) | 1072 (36.7%) | 8648 (41.1%) | ||
>60 min/d | 994 (14.2%) | 1613 (14.5%) | 546 (18.7%) | 3153 (15.0%) | ||
Breakfast | ||||||
≤1 time/week | 232 (3.3%) | 431 (3.9%) | 248 (8.5%) | 911 (4.3%) | 324.607 | <0.001 |
2–3 times/week | 693 (9.9%) | 1674 (15.1%) | 537 (18.4%) | 2904 (13.8%) | ||
≥4 times/week | 6096 (86.8%) | 9009 (81.1%) | 2135 (73.1%) | 17,240 (81.9%) | ||
Snacks | ||||||
≤1 time/week | 2196 (31.3%) | 1227 (11.0%) | 196 (6.7%) | 3619 (17.2%) | 3114.256 | <0.001 |
2–3 times/week | 3708 (52.8%) | 7268 (65.4%) | 1027 (35.2%) | 12,003 (57.0%) | ||
≥4 times/week | 1117 (15.9%) | 2619 (23.6%) | 1697 (58.1%) | 5433 (25.8%) |
Characteristics | SSB Consumption | Total | F-Value | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤1 Time/Week | 2–4 Time/Week | ≥5 Times/Week | ||||
Age(years) | 14.06 ± 0.82 | 14.05 ± 0.82 | 14.10 ± 0.81 | 14.06 ± 0.82 | 5.035 | 0.007 |
Height(cm) | 164.38 ± 8.46 | 164.95 ± 8.62 | 166.44 ± 8.61 | 164.97 ± 8.59 | 59.342 | <0.001 |
Weight(kg) | 53.65 ± 10.72 | 54.08 ± 11.01 | 55.43 ± 11.32 | 54.12 ± 10.97 | 27.520 | <0.001 |
Body Mass Index(kg/m2) | 19.77 ± 3.20 | 19.78 ± 3.25 | 19.93 ± 3.36 | 19.80 ± 3.25 | 2.941 | 0.053 |
Waist Circumference(cm) | 67.31 ± 8.31 | 68.43 ± 9.71 | 70.63 ± 9.91 | 68.36 ± 9.36 | 132.088 | <0.001 |
20-m SRT(laps) | 37.8 ± 16.19 | 37.16 ± 15.71 | 35.89 ± 14.79 | 37.2 ± 15.76 | 15.321 | <0.001 |
VO2max·(mL·kg−1·min−1) | 42.06 ± 4.77 | 41.92 ± 4.63 | 41.44 ± 4.47 | 41.9 ± 4.66 | 18.807 | <0.001 |
SSB Consumption | N | VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | ||||
Boys | |||||
≤1 time/week | 3250 | 43.60 | 4.87 | 23.866 | <0.001 |
2–4 times/week | 5895 | 43.45 | 4.69 | ||
≥5 times/week | 1748 | 42.68 | 4.37 | ||
Girls | |||||
≤1 time/week | 3762 | 40.74 | 4.25 | 42.172 | <0.001 |
2–4 times/week | 5206 | 40.18 | 3.90 | ||
≥5 times/week | 1172 | 39.59 | 3.96 | ||
Total | |||||
≤1 time/week | 7012 | 42.06 | 4.77 | 18.807 | <0.001 |
2–4 times/week | 11,101 | 41.92 | 4.63 | ||
≥5 times/week | 2920 | 41.44 | 4.47 |
VO2max | Estimates (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crude Model | Model I | Model II | |
Boys | |||
≤1 time/week | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) |
2–4 time/week | −0.149 (−0.350,0.052) | −0.138 (−0.337,0.061) | −0.256 (−0.458,−0.054) |
≥5 times/week | −0.924 (−1.196,−0.651) a | −0.838 (−1.110,−0.566) a | −1.077 (−1.365,−0.789) a |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Girls | |||
≤1 time/week | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) |
2–4 time/week | −0.554 (−0.724,−0.385) a | −0.559 (−0.719,−0.400) a | −0.551 (−0.715,−0.388) a |
≥5 times/week | −1.148 (−1.413,−0.883) a | −1.079 (−1.33,−0.828) a | −1.058 (−1.325,−0.791) a |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total | |||
≤1 time/week | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) | 0.000 (Reference) |
2–4 time/week | −0.145 (−0.285,−0.006) | −0.354 (−0.482,−0.225) a | −0.407 (−0.538,−0.276) a |
≥5 times/week | −0.626 (−0.827,−0.425) a | −0.964 (−1.151,−0.777) a | −1.071 (−1.270,−0.873) a |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
VO2max | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crude Model | Model I | Model II | |
Boys | |||
≤1 time/week | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
2–4 time/week | 0.935 (0.837,1.046) | 0.924 (0.825,1.036) | 0.945 (0.842,1.062) |
≥5 times/week | 1.175 (1.016,1.359) | 1.113 (0.958,1.293) | 1.147 (0.977,1.346) |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Girls | |||
≤1 time/week | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
2–4 time/week | 1.157 (1.023,1.309) | 1.146 (1.009,1.302) | 1.131 (0.992,1.289) |
≥5 times/week | 1.769 (1.491,2.100) a | 1.767 (1.475,2.117) a | 1.713 (1.413,2.077) a |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total | |||
≤1 time/week | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
2–4 time/week | 1.052 (0.969,1.142) | 1.023 (0.940,1.113) | 1.027 (0.942,1.120) |
≥5 times/week | 1.445 (1.294,1.614) a | 1.337 (1.192,1.501) a | 1.336 (1.181,1.511) a |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, D.; Yang, J.; Liu, H.; Cai, R. Sex-Related Differences in the Relationship between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Results from Chinese Cross-Sectional Study on Children. Children 2022, 9, 1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091411
Zhang D, Yang J, Liu H, Cai R. Sex-Related Differences in the Relationship between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Results from Chinese Cross-Sectional Study on Children. Children. 2022; 9(9):1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091411
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Dongjun, Junmin Yang, He Liu, and Ruibao Cai. 2022. "Sex-Related Differences in the Relationship between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Results from Chinese Cross-Sectional Study on Children" Children 9, no. 9: 1411. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091411