Do Intellectually Gifted Children Show Similar Physical Habits, Physical Fitness Levels and Self-Perceived Body Image Than Typically Developed Children?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Physical Fitness
2.2.3. Self-Perceive Physical Fitness
2.2.4. Body Perception
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IPAQ-SF Items | Total Sample (n = 148) | Girls (n = 70) | Boys (n = 78) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IG (n = 74) | TD (n = 74) | p | IG (n = 35) | TD (n = 35) | p | IG (n = 39) | TD (n = 39) | p | |
Sitting time (hours/day) | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 0.095 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 0.141 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 0.326 |
Walking | |||||||||
Frequency (times/week) | 4.6 ± 2.3 | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 0.649 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 2.5 | 0.693 | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 0.806 |
Duration (minutes/time) | 41.2 ± 31.9 | 56.4 ± 43.6 | 0.016 | 38.6 ± 25.9 | 52.6 ± 40.4 | 0.089 | 43.5 ± 36.6 | 59.9 ± 46.6 | 0.089 |
Total (METs-minutes/week) | 714.9 ± 700.9 | 1027.0 ± 1004.8 | 0.030 | 637.8 ± 531.1 | 977.7 ± 904.0 | 0.059 | 784.0 ± 825.3 | 1071.2 ± 1097.3 | 0.195 |
Moderate intensity activities | |||||||||
Frequency (times/week) | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 0.954 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 0.033 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 0.073 |
Duration (minutes/time) | 55.1 ± 24.3 | 56.6 ± 40.9 | 0.788 | 56.7 ± 25.8 | 52.3 ± 35.3 | 0.551 | 53.7 ± 23.2 | 60.5 ± 45.4 | 0.407 |
Total (METs-minutes/week) | 546.2 ± 423.9 | 663.8 ± 885.5 | 0.305 | 449.7 ± 244.7 | 641.1 ± 769.3 | 0.165 | 632.8 ± 524.8 | 684.1 ± 987.9 | 0.775 |
Vigorous-intensity activities | |||||||||
Frequency (times/week) | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 0.070 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.031 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 0.598 |
Duration (minutes/time) | 56.9 ± 38.9 | 73.7 ± 47.1 | 0.020 | 48.7 ± 37.4 | 74.3 ± 46.7 | 0.013 | 64.4 ± 39.2 | 73.1 ± 48.0 | 0.382 |
Total (METs-minutes/week) | 1344.9 ± 1242.7 | 2043.78 ± 1921.7 | 0.010 | 987.4 ± 1039.8 | 2145.1 ± 2036.2 | 0.004 | 1665.6 ± 1332.7 | 1952.8 ± 1834.8 | 0.431 |
Weekly total MVPA | |||||||||
Minutes/week | 521.3 ± 337.8 | 729.4 ± 471.5 | 0.002 | 429.1 ± 239.5 | 717.9 ± 471.1 | 0.002 | 604.0 ± 391.2 | 739.7 ± 477.9 | 0.174 |
Total (METs-minutes/week) | 2605.93 ± 1679.0 | 3734.6 ± 2548.4 | 0.002 | 2075.0 ± 1300.2 | 3764.0 ± 2694.9 | 0.001 | 3082.4 ± 1846.7 | 3708.2 ± 2444.7 | 0.206 |
Meeting WHO recommendations (%) | 60.8 | 75.7 | 0.053 | 54.3 | 77.1 | 0.045 | 74.36 | 66.7 | 0.463 |
Fitness Variable | IG | Typical Development | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||
Hand grip strength (dinamometer) | 74 | 22.1 | 5.7 | 74 | 22.8 | 5.8 | 0.402 |
Flexibility (V-Sit and Reach) | 74 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 74 | 5.9 | 10.0 | 0.336 |
Time to resting heart rate (s) | 74 | 81.9 | 20.5 | 74 | 82.1 | 22.2 | 0.954 |
HRR60 (bpm) | 74 | 35.3 | 12.8 | 74 | 36.5 | 13.8 | 0.585 |
HRR60 (%) | 74 | 25.5 | 9.5 | 74 | 24.6 | 9.3 | 0.573 |
Body Mass Index (% per group) | |||||||
Normal weight | 49 | 66.2% | 46 | 62.2% | 0.494 | ||
Overweight | 17 | 23.0% | 15 | 20.3% | |||
Obese | 8 | 10.8% | 13 | 17.6% |
IFIS Items | IG (n = 74) | Typical Development (n = 74) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
General fitness | 3.73 | 0.65 | 3.65 | 0.71 | 0.469 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 3.45 | 0.97 | 3.54 | 0.86 | 0.531 |
Muscular strength | 3.32 | 0.76 | 3.49 | 0.85 | 0.223 |
Speed and agility | 3.88 | 0.84 | 3.86 | 0.88 | 0.924 |
Flexibility | 3.19 | 1.29 | 3.05 | 0.92 | 0.464 |
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Otero Rodríguez, A.; Sánchez-Lastra, M.A.; Diz, J.C.; Ayán, C. Do Intellectually Gifted Children Show Similar Physical Habits, Physical Fitness Levels and Self-Perceived Body Image Than Typically Developed Children? Children 2022, 9, 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050718
Otero Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Lastra MA, Diz JC, Ayán C. Do Intellectually Gifted Children Show Similar Physical Habits, Physical Fitness Levels and Self-Perceived Body Image Than Typically Developed Children? Children. 2022; 9(5):718. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050718
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtero Rodríguez, Aroa, Miguel Adriano Sánchez-Lastra, José Carlos Diz, and Carlos Ayán. 2022. "Do Intellectually Gifted Children Show Similar Physical Habits, Physical Fitness Levels and Self-Perceived Body Image Than Typically Developed Children?" Children 9, no. 5: 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050718