Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Cybervictims and Cyberaggressors: Self-Esteem as a Mediator Variable
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Contextualization
1.2. Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem
1.3. Cyberbullying and Parenting Styles
1.4. Self-Esteem as a Protective Factor
1.5. Goals and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Assessment Instruments
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Relations of Cybervictimization and Cyberaggression with Self-Esteem and with the Degree of Parents’ Involvement/Acceptance and Coercion/Imposition
3.2. Parenting Styles: Influence on Self-Esteem and on the Level of Cybervictimization, Cyberaggression, Cyberobservation, and Aggressive Cybervictimization
3.3. Self-Esteem as a Mediator between Parents’ Acceptance–Coercion and Cybervictimization/Cyberaggression
4. Discussion
Limitations and Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Smith, P.K.; Mahdavi, J.; Carvalho, M.; Fisher, S.; Russell, S.; Tippett, N. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2008, 49, 376–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buelga, S.; Cava, M.J.; Ruiz, D.M.; Ortega-Barón, J. Cyberbullying and suicidal behavior in adolescent students: A systematic review. Rev. Educ. 2022, 397, 43–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strohmeier, D.; Gradinger, P. Cyberbullying and cyber victimization as online risks for children and adolescents. Eur. Psychol. 2022, 27, 27–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barragán Martín, A.B.; Molero Jurado, M.d.M.; Pérez-Fuentes, M.d.C.; Simón Márquez, M.d.M.; Martos Martínez, Á.; Sisto, M.; Gázquez Linares, J.J. Study of cyberbullying among adolescents in recent years: A bibliometric analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evangelio, C.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P.; Fernandez-Rio, J.; Gonzalez-Villora, S. Cyberbullying in elementary and middle school students: A systematic review. Comput. Edu. 2022, 176, 104356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malonda, E.; Llorca, A.; Mesurado, B.; Samper, P.; Mestre, M.V. Parents or peers? Predictors of prosocial behavior and aggression: A longitudinal study. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tintori, A.; Ciancimino, G.; Palomba, R.; Clementi, C.; Cerbara, L. The impact of socialisation on children’s prosocial behaviour. A study on primary school students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labella, M.H.; Masten, A.S. Family influences on the development of aggression and violence. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2018, 19, 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Streit, C.; Carlo, G.; Knight, G.P.; White, R.M.; Maiya, S. Relations among parenting, culture, and prosocial behaviors in US Mexican youth: An integrative socialization approach. Child Dev. 2021, 92, e383–e397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landim, I.; Borsa, J.C. Conceptions of Families: A study on the graphic representations of children from Rio de Janeiro. Estud. Pesqui. Psicol. 2019, 19, 503–521. Available online: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/epp/v19n2/v19n2a10.pdf (accessed on 19 October 2022).
- Lück, D.; Ruckdeschel, K. Clear in its core, blurred in the outer contours: Culturally normative conceptions of the family in Germany. Eur. Soc. 2018, 20, 715–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mangone, E. Families in sociocultural change: From structure to relationship. In Non-Binary Family Configurations: Intersections of Queerness and Homonormativity; Gilley, B.J., Masullo, G., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 67–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patterson, C.J.; Farr, R.H.; Hastings, P.D. Socialization in the context of family diversity. In Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research; Grusec, J.E., Hastings, P.D., Eds.; Guildord Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 328–351. [Google Scholar]
- Colmsee, I.-S.O.; Hank, P.; Bošnjak, M. Low self-esteem as a risk factor for eating disorders. Z. Psychol. 2021, 229, 48–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuentes, M.C.; Garcia, O.F.; Garcia, F. Protective and risk factors for adolescent substance use in Spain: Self-esteem and other indicators of personal well-being and ill-being. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenberg, M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1965. [Google Scholar]
- Soler, L.; Paretilla, C.; Kirchner, T.; Forns, M. Impact of polyvictimization on mental health: The mediator and/or moderator sole of self-esteem. J. Interpers. Violence 2013, 28, 2695–2712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, F.; Lee, C.; Chiu, C.; Hsi, W.; Huang, T.; Pan, Y. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J. School Health 2013, 83, 454–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cénat, J.M.; Hébert, M.; Blais, M.; Lavoie, F.; Guerrier, M.; Derivois, D. Cyberbullying, psychological distress and self-esteem among youth in Quebec schools. J. Affect. Disord. 2014, 169, 7–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wachs, S.; Vazsonyi, A.T.; Wright, M.F.; Ksinan Jiskrova, G. Cross-national associations among cyberbullying victimization, self-esteem, and internet addiction: Direct and indirect effects of alexithymia. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patchin, J.W.; Hinduja, S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. J. School Health 2010, 80, 614–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sticca, F.; Ruggieri, S.; Alsaker, F.; Perren, S. Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2013, 23, 52–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, S.; Stewart, R.; Kim, J.; Kim, S.; Shin, I.; Dewey, M.; Maskey, S.; Yoon, J. Differences in predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying: A 2-year longitudinal study in Korean school children. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psy. 2013, 22, 309–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Price, M.; Dalgleish, J. Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Stud. Aust. 2010, 29, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilchez, Y.C. Ciberbullying y Autoestima en Estudiantes de un Colegio de la Provincia de Andahuaylas, 2020 [Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem in Students of a School in the Province of Andahuaylas, 2020]. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo: Lima, Perú, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Pyźalski, J. From cyberbullying to electronic aggression: Typology of the phenomenon. Emot. Behav. Diffic. 2012, 17, 305–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro, R.; Yubero, S.; Larrañaga, E.; Martínez, V. Children’s cyberbullying victimization: Associations with social anxiety and social competence in a Spanish sample. Child Indic. Res. 2012, 5, 281–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro, R.; Ruiz-Oliva, R.; Larrañaga, E.; Yubero, S. The impact of cyberbullying and social bullying on optimism, global and school-related happiness and life satisfaction among 10–12-year-old schoolchildren. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2015, 10, 15–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomez-Baya, D.; Garcia-Moro, F.J.; Nicoletti, J.A.; Lago-Urbano, R. A cross-national analysis of the effects by bullying and school exclusion on subjective happiness in 10-year-old children. Children 2022, 9, 287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varela, J.J.; Fábrega, J.; Carrillo, G.; Benavente, M.; Alfaro, J.; Rodríguez, C. Bullying and subjective well-being: A hierarchical socioeconomical status analysis of Chilean adolescents. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2020, 118, 105398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Ho, S.S.; Lwin, M.O. A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media Soc. 2017, 19, 1194–1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Extremera, N.; Quintana-Orts, C.; Mérida-López, S.; Rey, L. Cyberbullying victimization, self-esteem and suicidal ideation in adolescence: Does emotional intelligence play a buffering role? Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- de la Barrera, U.; Schoeps, K.; Gil-Gómez, J.-A.; Montoya-Castilla, I. Predicting adolescent adjustment and well-being: The interplay between socio-emotional and personal factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schoeps, K.; Tamarit, A.; González, R.; Montoya-Castilla, I. Competencias emocionales y autoestima en la adolescencia: Impacto sobre el ajuste psicológico. Rev. Psicol. Clin. Ninos 2019, 6, 51–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buelga, S.; Martínez-Ferrer, B.; Musitu, G. Family relationships and cyberbullying. In Cyberbullying across the Globe; Navarro, R., Yubero, S., Larrañaga, E., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 99–114. [Google Scholar]
- Ybarra, M.L.; Mitchell, K.J. Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. J. Adolesc. 2004, 27, 319–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Low, S.; Espelage, D. Differentiating cyber bullying perpetration from non-physical bullying: Commonalities across race, individual, and family predictors. Psychol. Violence 2013, 3, 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Repetti, R.L.; Taylor, S.E.; Seeman, T.E. Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol. Bull. 2002, 128, 330–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinberg, L. We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. J. Res. Adolesc. 2001, 11, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solecki, S.; McLaughlin, K.; Goldschmidt, K. Promoting positive offline relationships to reduce negative online experiences. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 2014, 29, 482–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buelga, S.; Martínez–Ferrer, B.; Cava, M.J. Differences in family climate and family communication among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyber bully–victims in adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 76, 164–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ortega-Barón, J.; Buelga, S.; Cava, M.J. The influence of school climate and family climate among adolescent victims of cyberbullying. Comunicar 2016, 24, 57–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martins, M.J.D.; Simão, A.M.V.; Freire, I.; Caetano, A.P.; Matos, A. Cyber-victimization and cyber-aggression among Portuguese adolescents: The relation to family support and family rules. Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn. 2016, 6, 65–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Samper-García, P.; Mestre-Escrivá, V.; Malonda, E. Victimization at school: Relationship of parenting and functional-dysfunctional developmental variables. An. Psicol. 2015, 31, 849–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gómez-Ortiz, O.; Romera, E.M.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Del Rey, R. Parenting practices as risk or preventive factors for adolescent involvement in cyberbullying: Contribution of children and parent gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrera-López, M.; Benavides, M.R.; Ortiz, G.P.; Ruano, M.A. Efectos de las pautas de crianza sobre los roles de la violencia escolar. Psychol. Soc. Educ. 2022, 14, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torío, S.; Peña, J.V.; Inda, M. Estilos de educación familiar [Family education styles]. Psicothema 2008, 20, 62–70. [Google Scholar]
- Estévez, E.; Murgui, G.; Musitu, G.; Moreno, D. Adolescent aggression: Effects of gender and family and school environments. J. Adolesc. 2008, 31, 433–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fanti, K.A.; Demetriou, A.G.; Hawa, V.V. A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining risk and protective factors. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 2012, 9, 168–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khurana, A.; Bleakley, A.; Jordan, A.B.; Romer, D. The protective effects of parental monitoring and internet restriction on adolescents’ risk of online harassment. J. Youth Adolesc. 2015, 44, 1039–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuentes, M.C.; García, F.; Gracia, E.; Alarcón, A. Parental socialization styles and psychological adjustment. A study in Spanish adolescents. Rev. Psicodidact. 2015, 20, 117–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García, O.F.; Serra, E.; Zacarés, J.J.; García, F. Parenting styles and short- and long-term socialization outcomes: A study among Spanish adolescents and older adults. Psychosoc. Interv. 2018, 27, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martínez, I.; Murgui, S.; Garcia, O.F.; García, F. Parenting in the digital era: Protective and risk parenting styles for traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2019, 90, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno-Ruiz, D.; Estévez, E.; Jiménez, T.I.; Murgui, S. Parenting Style and Reactive and Proactive Adolescent Violence: Evidence from Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Makri-Botsari, E.; Karagianni, G. Cyberbullying in Greek adolescents: The role of parents. Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 116, 3241–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dehue, F.; Bolman, C.; Vollink, T.; Pouwelse, M. Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in relation to adolescents’ perception of parenting. J. Cyber Ther. Rehabilit. 2012, 5, 25–34. Available online: https://interactivemediainstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/JCR-51.pdf (accessed on 6 September 2022).
- Byrne, S.; Katz, S.J.; Lee, T.; Linz, D.; Mcilrath, M. Peers, predators, and porn: Predicting parental underestimation of children’s risky online experiences. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 2014, 19, 215–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garaigordobil, M.; Machimbarrena, J.M. Stress, competence, and parental educational practices in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema 2017, 29, 335–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escario, J.J.; Giménez-Nadal, J.I.; Wilkinson, A.V. Predictors of adolescent truancy: The importance of cyberbullying, peer behavior, and parenting style. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2022, 143, 106692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, H.; Mao, W.; Cheong, C.M.; Wen, Y.; Cui, Y.; Cai, Z. The relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying: A meta-analysis of children and youth students. Curr. Psychol. 2020, 39, 830–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garaigordobil, M. Cyberbullying in adolescents and youth in the Basque Country: Prevalence of cybervictims, cyberaggressors, and cyberobservers. J. Youth Stud. 2015, 18, 569–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garaigordobil, M.; Machimbarrena, J.M. Victimization and perpetration of bullying/cyberbullying: Connections with emotional and behavioral problems and childhood stress. Psychosoc. Interv. 2019, 28, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garaigordobil, M. Cyberbullying. Screening de Acoso Entre Iguales [Cyberbullying. Screening of Peer Harassment]; TEA: Madrid, Spain, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Garaigordobil, M. Psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Test: A screening instrument to measure cybervictimization, cyberaggression, and cyberobservation. J. Interpers. Violence 2017, 32, 3556–3576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarthy, J.D.; Hoge, D.R. Analysis of age effects in longitudinal study of adolescent self-esteem. Dev. Psychol. 1982, 18, 372–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagborg, W.J. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale and Harter’s Self-Perception profile for adolescents: A concurrent validity study. Psychol. Sch. 1993, 30, 132–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Musitu, G.; García, F. ESPA29. Escala de Estilos de Socialización Parental en la Adolescencia [Parental Socialization Styles in Adolescence Scale]; TEA: Madrid, Spain, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Garaigordobil, M.; Berrueco, L.; Celume, M.-P. Developing children’s creativity and social-emotional competencies through play: Summary of twenty years of findings of the evidence-based interventions “game program”. J. Intell. 2022, 10, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ortega-Barón, J.; Buelga, S.; Cava, M.J.; Iranzo, B. Efficacy of the Prev@cib 2.0 program in cyberbullying, helping behaviors and perception of help from the teacher. Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol. 2022, 20, 427–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pyżalski, J.; Plichta, P.; Szuster, A.; Barlińska, J. Cyberbullying characteristics and prevention—what can we learn from narratives provided by adolescents and their teachers? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hajnal, A. Cyberbullying prevention: Which design features foster the effectiveness of school-based programs? A meta-analytic approach. Intersections 2021, 7, 40–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garaigordobil, M.; Martínez-Valderrey, V. Technological resources to prevent cyberbullying during adolescence: The cyberprogram 2.0 program and the cooperative cybereduca 2.0 videogame. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, M.S.; Zi-Pei, W.; Svanström, L.; Dalal, K. Cyber bullying prevention: Intervention in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e64031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigo, M.J.; Amorós, P.; Arranz, E.; Hidalgo, M.V.; Máiquez, M.L.; Martín, J.C.; Martínez, R.A.; Ochaita, E.; Olabarrieta, F. Guide of Good Practices in Positive Parenting: A Resource to Support Professional Practice with Families; Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad: Madrid, Spain, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigo, M.J.; Máiquez, M.L.; Martín, J.C. Parentalidad Positiva y Políticas Locales de Apoyo a las Familias. Orientaciones Para Favorecer el Ejercicio de las Responsabilidades Parentales desde las Corporaciones Locales [Positive Parenting and Local Policies to Support Families. Guidelines to Promote the Exercise of Parental Responsibilities from Local Corporations]; Ministerio de sanidad y política social, Federación española de municipios y provincias: Madrid, Spain, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigo, M.J.; Máiquez, M.L.; Martín, J.C. La Educación Parental Como Recurso Psicoeducativo Para Promover la Parentalidad Positiva [Parental Education as a Psychoeducational Resource to Promote Positive Parenting]; Ministerio de sanidad y política social, Federación española de municipios y provincias: Madrid, Spain, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Centro Universitario de Psicología de la Familia [University Center for Family Psychology]. Estudio de Campo de los Programas y Actividades de Parentalidad Positiva Existentes en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco [Field Study of Existing Positive Parenting Programs and Activities in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country]; Departamento de Empleo y Asuntos Sociales, Observatorio de Asuntos Sociales y Observatorio de la Familia: Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, 2012; Available online: http://www.gizartelan.ejgv.euskadi.net/r45obpubfam/es/contenidos/informacion/publicaciones_observatorios/es_publica/adjuntos/programas_actividades_parentalidad_positiva.pdf (accessed on 6 September 2022).
- Manzano, A.; Martín, J.L.; Sánchez, M.; Rekagorri, J.; Cruz, N.; Olabarrieta, F. ; Arranz. E. Sistema de Indicadores para la Evaluación de Programas de Parentalidad Positiva [System of Indicators for the Evaluation of Positive Parenting Programs]; Dirección de Política Familiar y Comunitaria del Gobierno Vasco: Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, 2012; Available online: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/gura_programa/es_programa/adjuntos/sistema-indicadores-programas-parentalidad-positiva.pdf (accessed on 6 September 2022).
- Arranz, E. Familia y Desarrollo Psicológico [Family and Psychological Development]; Pearson: Madrid, Spain, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Arranz, E. Family context and psychological development in early childhood: Educational implications. In Contemporary Perspectives on Families, Communities, and Schools for Young Children; Saracho, O.N., Spodek, B., Eds.; Information Age Publishing: Creenwich, CT, USA, 2005; pp. 59–82. [Google Scholar]
- Arranz, E.; Oliva, A.; Sánchez, M.; Olabarrieta, F.; Richards, M. Quality of family context and cognitive development: A cross sectional and longitudinal study. J. Fam. Stud. 2010, 16, 130–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bronfenbrenner, U. The Ecology of Human Development; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (Ed.) The developing ecology of human development: Paradigm lost or paradigm regained. In Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2005; pp. 94–105. [Google Scholar]
- Gabrielli, S.; Rizzi, S.; Carbone, S.; Piras, E.M. School interventions for bullying–cyberbullying prevention in adolescents: Insights from the UPRIGHT and CREEP projects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tozzo, P.; Cuman, O.; Moratto, E.; Caenazzo, L. Family and educational strategies for cyberbullying prevention: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
12–13 Years | 14–15 Years | 16–18 Years | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 543 (51.2%) | 536 (49%) | 390 (44.8%) | 1469 (48.5%) |
Girls | 518 (48.8%) | 558 (51%) | 481 (55.2%) | 1557 (51.5%) |
Total | 1061 (100%) | 1094 (100%) | 871 (100%) | 3026 (100%) |
Cybervictimization | Cyberaggression | |
---|---|---|
Self-esteem | −0.12 *** | −0.07 *** |
Mother’s involvement/acceptance | −0.05 * | −0.09 *** |
Mother’s coercion/imposition | 0.09 *** | 0.07 ** |
Father’s involvement/acceptance | −0.08 *** | −0.08 *** |
Father’s coercion/imposition | 0.10 *** | 0.08 *** |
Mother | ||||||||||
Negligent | Authoritarian | Indulgent | Authoritative | F(3, 3022) | Post Hoc | |||||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||||
Self-esteem | 29.50 (4.83) | 28.33 (5.26) | 30.21 (4.84) | 30.11 (5.57) | 8.71 *** | 2 < 3,4 | ||||
Cybervictimization | 0.73 (1.95) | 1.03 (2.44) | 0.59 (1.46) | 0.81 (1.84) | 3.44 * | 2 > 3 | ||||
Cyberaggression | 0.41 (1.52) | 0.81 (3.57) | 0.26 (1.92) | 0.34 (1.28) | 4.66 ** | 2 > 3,4 | ||||
Cyberobservation | 2.88 (3.16) | 4.94 (5.83) | 2.80 (3.87) | 3.46 (4.23) | 15.85 *** | 2 > 1,3,4; 4 > 3 | ||||
Aggressive-cybervictimization | 1.14 (3.18) | 1.84 (4.96) | 0.85 (3.02) | 1.14 (2.64) | 5.23 *** | 2 > 3,4 | ||||
Father | ||||||||||
Negligent | Authoritarian | Indulgent | Authoritative | F(3, 3022) | Post Hoc | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Self-esteem | 29.70 (4.81) | 28.56 (5.04) | 30.31 (5.10) | 30.26 (5.51) | 8.20 *** | 2 < 1,3,4 | ||||
Cybervictimization | 0.79 (1.95) | 1.03 (2.41) | 0.46 (1.09) | 0.80 (1.81) | 5.91 *** | 2,4 > 3 | ||||
Cyberaggression | 0.43 (2.36) | 0.69 (3.21) | 0.20 (0.92) | 0.33 (1.38) | 3.63 * | 2 > 3 | ||||
Cyberobservation | 3.14 (4.18) | 4.64 (5.16) | 2.83 (3.95) | 3.49 (4.22) | 10.75 *** | 2 > 1,3,4 | ||||
Aggressive-cybervictimization | 1.22 (3.88) | 1.72 (4.52) | 0.66 (1.60) | 1.13 (2.78) | 6.21 *** | 2 > 3 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Garaigordobil, M.; Navarro, R. Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Cybervictims and Cyberaggressors: Self-Esteem as a Mediator Variable. Children 2022, 9, 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121795
Garaigordobil M, Navarro R. Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Cybervictims and Cyberaggressors: Self-Esteem as a Mediator Variable. Children. 2022; 9(12):1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121795
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaraigordobil, Maite, and Raúl Navarro. 2022. "Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Cybervictims and Cyberaggressors: Self-Esteem as a Mediator Variable" Children 9, no. 12: 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121795