Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Greece: Data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Information on Infant Feeding and Gestation/Childbirth Characteristics
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | No Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 129 | % | N = 829 | % | ||
Maternal education (in years) | <0.001 | ||||
<13 | 89 | 69.0 | 395 | 47.6 | |
≥13 | 40 | 31.0 | 434 | 52.4 | |
Area of residence | 0.050 | ||||
Main metropolitan areas | 68 | 52.7 | 512 | 61.8 | |
Other areas | 61 | 47.3 | 317 | 38.2 | |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 33 | 25.6 | 91 | 11.0 | |
No | 96 | 74.4 | 738 | 89.0 | |
Birthweight (in grams) | <0.001 | ||||
<2500 | 24 | 18.6 | 33 | 4.0 | |
2500–3499 | 70 | 54.3 | 539 | 65.0 | |
3500–3999 | 26 | 20.2 | 197 | 23.8 | |
≥4000 | 9 | 7.0 | 60 | 7.2 | |
Preterm birth | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 22 | 17.0 | 54 | 6.5 | |
No | 107 | 83.0 | 775 | 93.5 | |
Type of delivery | <0.001 | ||||
Caesarean section | 56 | 43.4 | 204 | 24.6 | |
Normal birth | 73 | 56.6 | 625 | 75.4 | |
Birth order | 0.080 | ||||
1st | 55 | 42.6 | 435 | 52.5 | |
2nd | 57 | 44.2 | 312 | 37.6 | |
3rd | 16 | 12.4 | 65 | 7.8 | |
≥4th | 1 | 0.8 | 17 | 2.1 | |
Years since birth | 0.01 | ||||
<10 | 17 | 13.2 | 233 | 28.1 | |
10–19 | 39 | 30.2 | 193 | 23.3 | |
20–29 | 46 | 35.7 | 257 | 31.0 | |
30+ | 27 | 20.9 | 146 | 17.6 |
Variable | Increment/Category | ORs | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal education | <13 years ≥13 years | 2.29 baseline | 1.30–4.04 | 0.004 |
Area of residence | Other areas Main Metropolitan areas | 1.53 baseline | 0.88–2.64 | 0.130 |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | Yes No | 3.08 baseline | 1.64–5.77 | <0.001 |
Type of delivery | Caesarean section Normal birth | 3.26 baseline | 1.83–5.83 | <0.001 |
Preterm birth | Yes No | 2.74 baseline | 1.40–5.37 | 0.003 |
Birth order | For each child increase | 1.30 | 1.04–1.62 | 0.020 |
Years since birth | For each decade increase | 1.46 | 1.11–1.94 | 0.010 |
Goodness-of-fit HL-test p = 0.883 | ||||
Alternative introduced variable to prematurity | ||||
Birth weight | Per 500 g | 0.74 | 0.56–0.99 | 0.040 |
Goodness-of-fit HL-test p = 0.515 |
Variables | Median Breastfeeding Duration | 25th, 75th Percentile | B Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal education | |||||
<13 years | 90 | 40, 180 | −1.72 | −28.81, 25.37 | 0.900 |
≥13 years | 120 | 60, 210 | baseline | ||
Area of residence | |||||
Main Metropolitan areas | 120 | 40,210 | baseline | ||
Other areas | 90 | 45, 180 | −27.93 | −54.96, −0.90 | 0.043 |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||||
Yes | 60 | 30, 120 | −64.47 | −101.29, 27.65 | <0.001 |
No | 120 | 60, 210 | baseline | ||
Type of delivery | |||||
Caesarean section | 120 | 45, 210 | −28.76 | −57.01, −0.51 | 0.046 |
Normal birth | 120 | 42, 180 | baseline | ||
Preterm birth | |||||
Yes | 60 | 35, 120 | −46.67 | ||
No | 120 | 50, 210 | baseline | −92.84, −0.49 | 0.048 |
Birth order | |||||
1st | 90 | 40, 180 | |||
2nd | 120 | 56, 195 | |||
3rd | 150 | 60, 210 | |||
4th+ | 150 | 90, 300 | |||
For each child increase | −4.02 | −14.74, 6.69 | 0.462 | ||
Years since birth | |||||
<10 | 180 | 60, 270 | |||
10–19 | 90 | 60, 180 | |||
20–29 | 90 | 40, 180 | |||
30+ | 90 | 40, 180 | |||
Per decade increase | −30.57 | −42.47, −18.67 | <0.001 | ||
Alternative introduced variable to prematurity | |||||
Birth weight | |||||
<2500 | 60 | 30, 120 | |||
2500–2999 | 90 | 40, 180 | |||
3000–3499 | 120 | 40, 180 | |||
3500–3999 | 120 | 60, 240 | |||
4000+ | 120 | 60, 210 | |||
Per 500 gr increment | 5.53 | −3.43, 20.50 | 0.162 |
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Spyrakou, E.; Magriplis, E.; Benetou, V.; Zampelas, A. Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Greece: Data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. Children 2022, 9, 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111773
Spyrakou E, Magriplis E, Benetou V, Zampelas A. Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Greece: Data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. Children. 2022; 9(11):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111773
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpyrakou, Efthimia, Emmanuella Magriplis, Vassiliki Benetou, and Antonis Zampelas. 2022. "Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Greece: Data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey" Children 9, no. 11: 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111773
APA StyleSpyrakou, E., Magriplis, E., Benetou, V., & Zampelas, A. (2022). Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Greece: Data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. Children, 9(11), 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111773