Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Makris, Gerasimos; Chouliaras, Giorgos; Apostolakou, Filia; Papageorgiou, Charalabos; Chrousos, George P.; Papassotiriou, Ioannis; Pervanidou, Panagiota

doi:10.3390/children8060478

Open AccessArticle

Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by

Gerasimos Makris

^1,*

,

Giorgos Chouliaras

¹,

Filia Apostolakou

²

,

Charalabos Papageorgiou

³,

George P. Chrousos

¹

,

Ioannis Papassotiriou

²

and

Panagiota Pervanidou

¹

Laboratory of Developmental Psychophysiology and Stress Research, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece

²

Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece

³

First Department of Psychiatry, “Eginition” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Children 2021, 8(6), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060478

Submission received: 7 May 2021 / Revised: 1 June 2021 / Accepted: 3 June 2021 / Published: 5 June 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics)

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Abstract

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been suggested to be involved in the immune dysfunction and inflammation reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aimed to assess HMGB1 serum concentrations (SCs) in high-functioning ASD children compared to typically developing (TD) controls and to explore their associations with the autism spectrum quotient (AQ), the empathy quotient (EQ), and the systemizing quotient (SQ). The study involved 42 ASD children and 38 TD children, all-male, aged between 6.1 and 13.3 years old. HMGB1 SCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Groups were comparable regarding age, general IQ, birth weight, and maternal age at birth. ASD children showed significantly higher HMGB1 SCs compared to TD children (1.25 ± 0.84 ng/mL versus 1.13 ± 0.79 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.039). The Spearman’s rho revealed that HMGB1 SCs were positively correlated with the AQ attention to detail subscale (rs = 0.46, p = 0.045) and with the SQ total score (rs = 0.42, p = 0.04) in the ASD group. These results show that HMGB1 serum concentrations are altered in ASD children, and suggest that inflammatory processes mediated by HMGB1 may be associated with specific cognitive features observed in ASD.

Keywords: high mobility group box 1; neurodevelopmental disorders; autism spectrum disorder; immune dysfunction; systemizing quotient; autism spectrum quotient

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MDPI and ACS Style

Makris, G.; Chouliaras, G.; Apostolakou, F.; Papageorgiou, C.; Chrousos, G.P.; Papassotiriou, I.; Pervanidou, P. Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children 2021, 8, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060478

AMA Style

Makris G, Chouliaras G, Apostolakou F, Papageorgiou C, Chrousos GP, Papassotiriou I, Pervanidou P. Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children. 2021; 8(6):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060478

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makris, Gerasimos, Giorgos Chouliaras, Filia Apostolakou, Charalabos Papageorgiou, George P. Chrousos, Ioannis Papassotiriou, and Panagiota Pervanidou. 2021. "Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder" Children 8, no. 6: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060478

APA Style

Makris, G., Chouliaras, G., Apostolakou, F., Papageorgiou, C., Chrousos, G. P., Papassotiriou, I., & Pervanidou, P. (2021). Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children, 8(6), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060478

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Increased Serum Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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