Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Tools
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quarter 1 (Born from January to March) | Quarter 2 (Born from April to June) | Quarter 3 (Born from July to September) | Quarter 4 (Born from October to December) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | ||
Total score of manual dexterity | boys | 28.00 | 1.21 | 29.37 | 0.43 | 29.25 | 0.60 | 26.40 **,*** | 0.54 |
girls | 35.00 † | 0.49 | 30.6 * | 0.54 | 26.00 *,**,† | 0.86 | 29.50 *,***,† | 0.85 | |
Total | 31.50 | 0.65 | 29.99 | 0.34 | 27.62 *,** | 0.52 | 27.95 *,** | 0.51 | |
Total score of aiming and catching | boys | 13.00 | 1.88 | 18.87 * | 0.66 | 19.75 * | 0.94 | 13.40 **,*** | 0.84 |
girls | 18.16 † | 0.76 | 16.80 | 0.84 | 17.50 | 1.33 | 18.50 † | 1.33 | |
Total | 15.58 | 1.01 | 17.83 | 0.53 | 18.62 | 0.81 | 15.95 | 0.78 | |
Total score of balance | boys | 38.00 | 1.19 | 33.12 | 0.67 | 24.75 *,** | 0.95 | 30.20 *,*** | 0.85 |
girls | 35.66 | 0.73 | 32.80 | 0.85 | 32.00 † | 1.35 | 24.00 *,**,***,† | 1.35 | |
Total | 36.83 | 1.03 | 32.96 * | 0.54 | 28.37 *,** | 0.83 | 27.10 *,** | 0.80 | |
Total test score | boys | 79.00 | 3.32 | 81.37 | 1.17 | 73.75 ** | 1.66 | 70.00 ** | 1.48 |
girls | 88.83 † | 1.35 | 80.20 * | 1.48 | 75.50 * | 2.35 | 72.00 *,** | 2.35 | |
Total | 83.91 | 1.79 | 80.78 | 0.94 | 74.62 *,** | 1.44 | 71.00 *,** | 1.39 | |
Total percentile score | boys | 50.00 | 9.5 | 56.68 | 3.37 | 37.50 ** | 4.75 | 21.40 *,** | 4.25 |
girls | 77.83 † | 3.88 | 54.40 * | 4.25 | 39.50 * | 6.72 | 21.40 *,** | 6.72 | |
Total | 63.91 | 5.10 | 55.70 | 2.69 | 38.5 *,** | 4.09 | 26.20 *,** | 3.95 |
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Navarro-Patón, R.; Arufe-Giráldez, V.; Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, A.; Mecías-Calvo, M. Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect? Children 2021, 8, 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020141
Navarro-Patón R, Arufe-Giráldez V, Sanmiguel-Rodríguez A, Mecías-Calvo M. Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect? Children. 2021; 8(2):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020141
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarro-Patón, Rubén, Víctor Arufe-Giráldez, Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, and Marcos Mecías-Calvo. 2021. "Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect?" Children 8, no. 2: 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020141