The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Patients
3.2. Anamnesis
3.3. Blood Collection
3.4. Anti-TG Assessment
3.5. Anti-TPO Assessment
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Presentation of the Groups
4.2. Initial Symptoms of VLS
4.3. Diagnosis Time
4.4. Family History
4.5. The Prevalence of Human IgG Antibodies in Study and Control Groups (Table 1)
4.5.1. Antibodies against Thyroglobulin (TG)
4.5.2. Antibodies against Thyroid Peroxidase (Anti-TPO)
Anti-TG (n) | Anti-TPO (n) | |
---|---|---|
Study group (n = 20) | 1 | 1 |
Control group (n = 35) | 6 | 3 |
P (Chi-squared test) | (NS) | 0.96 (NS) |
4.6. The Prevalence of Human IgG Antibodies Compared to Onset of Symptoms
5. Discussion
5.1. Symptoms
5.2. Family History
5.3. AITD and VLS
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jensen, L.S.; Bygum, A. Childhood lichen sclerosus is a rare but important diagnosis. Dan. Med. J. 2012, 59, A4424. [Google Scholar]
- Topal, I.O.; Sayilgan, A.T.; Kalcin, S. An uncommon cause of vulval pruritus in childhood: Lichen sclerosus. Turk. Arch. Pediatr. 2017, 49, 86–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maronn, M.L.; Esterly, N.B. Constipation as a Feature of Anogenital Lichen sclerosus in Children. Pediatrics 2005, 115, e230–e232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bieber, A.K.; Steuer, A.B.; Melnick, L.E.; Wong, P.W.; Pomeranz, M.K. Autoimmune and dermatologic conditions associated with lichen sclerosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020, 85, 228–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arduino, P.G.; Karimi, D.; Tirone, F.; Sciannameo, V.; Ricceri, F.; Cabras, M.; Gambino, A.; Conrotto, D.; Salzano, S.; Carbone, M.; et al. Evidence of earlier thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed oral lichen planus patients: A hint for endocrinologists. Endocr. Connect. 2017, 6, 726–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Paola, M.; Batsikosta, A.; Feci, L.; Benedetti, M.; Bilenchi, R. Granuloma Annulare, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, and Lichen Sclerosus in a Woman: Randomness or Significant Association? Case Rep. Dermatol. Med. 2013, 2013, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guarneri, F.; Giuffrida, R.; Di Bari, F.; Cannavò, S.P.; Benvenga, S. Thyroid Autoimmunity and Lichen. Front. Endocrinol. 2017, 8, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, J.; Hesson, A.; Haefner, H.K.; Rominski, S. The prevalence of self-reported medical comorbidities in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus: A single-center retrospective study. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2020, 153, 340–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, X.; Chen, Y.; Shen, Y.; Tian, R.; Sheng, Y.; Que, H. Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Heal. 2022, 10, 1020709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antonelli, A.; Ferrari, S.M.; Ragusa, F.; Elia, G.; Paparo, S.R.; Ruffilli, I.; Patrizio, A.; Giusti, C.; Gonnella, D.; Cristaudo, A.; et al. Graves’ disease: Epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors and viruses. Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 34, 101387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Corazza, M.; Schettini, N.; Zedde, P.; Borghi, A. Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus from Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Approaches: Evidence and Prospects. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Powell, J.; Wojnarowska, F. Childhood vulvar lichen sclerosus: An increasingly common problem. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001, 44, 803–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arlen, A.M.; Wang, M.; Vash-Margita, A. Lichen Sclerosus in Prepubertal Girls: An Uncommon but Treatable Cause of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Urology 2020, 137, e1–e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pranteda, G.; Muscianese, M.; Grimaldi, M.; Fidanza, L.; Narcisi, A.; Nisticò, S.; Bottoni, U. Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus Induced by Carbamazepine: A Case Report. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2013, 26, 791–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lagerstedt, M.; Karvinen, K.; Joki-Erkkilä, M.; Huotari-Orava, R.; Snellman, E.; Laasanen, S. Childhood Lichen Sclerosus—A Challenge for Clinicians. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2013, 30, 444–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halonen, P.M.; Jakobsson, M.I.; Heikinheimo, O.; Riska, A.E.; Gissler, M.V.; Pukkala, E.I. Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2017, 140, 1998–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Preti, M.; Borella, F.; Ferretti, S.; Caldarella, A.; Corazza, M.; Micheletti, L.; De Magnis, A.; Borghi, A.; Salvini, C.; Gallio, N.; et al. Genital and extragenital oncological risk in women with vulvar lichen sclerosus: A multi-center Italian study. Maturitas 2023, 175, 107767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aslanian, F.M.N.P.; Marques, M.T.Q.; Matos, H.J.; Pontes, L.F.S.; Porto, L.C.S.; Azevedo, L.M.S.; Filgueira, A.L. HLA markers in familial Lichen Sclerosus. JDDG: J. der Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 2006, 4, 842–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marren, P.; Jell, J.; Charnock, F.; Bunce, M.; Welsh, K.; Wojnarowska, F. The association between lichen sclerosus and antigens of the HLA system. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006, 132, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrington, C.I.; Dunsmore, I. An investigation into the incidence of auto-immune disorders in patients with lichen sclerosus and atrophicus. Br. J. Dermatol. 1981, 104, 563–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goolamali, S.K.; Barnes, E.W.; Irvine, W.J.; Shuster, S. Organ-specific Antibodies in Patients with Lichen Sclerosus. BMJ 1974, 4, 78–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, R.; Ridley, C.; Mcgibbon, D.; Black, M. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity—a study of 350 women. Br. J. Dermatol. 1988, 118, 41–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salim, A.; Powell, J.; Gao, X.-H.; Wojnarowska, F. Familial lichen sclerosus. Br. J. Dermatol. 2002, 147 (Suppl. S62), 33. [Google Scholar]
- Şentürk, N.; Aydın, F.; Birinci, A.; Yildiz, L.; Cantürk, T.; Durupınar, B.; Turanlı, A.Y. Coexistence of HLA-B*08 and HLA-B*18 in Four Siblings with Lichen sclerosus. Dermatology 2004, 208, 64–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medici, M.; Porcu, E.; Pistis, G.; Teumer, A.; Brown, S.J.; Jensen, R.A.; Rawal, R.; Roef, G.L.; Plantinga, T.S.; Vermeulen, S.H.; et al. Identification of Novel Genetic Loci Associated with Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and Clinical Thyroid Disease. PLoS Genet. 2014, 10, e1004123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zois, C.; Stavrou, I.; Kalogera, C.; Svarna, E.; Dimoliatis, I.; Seferiadis, K.; Tsatsoulis, A. High Prevalence of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Schoolchildren After Elimination of Iodine Deficiency in Northwestern Greece. Thyroid 2003, 13, 485–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomer, Y.; Huber, A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: A story of genes and environment. J. Autoimmun. 2009, 32, 231–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, N.; Ghatage, P. Etiology, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Scoping Review. Obstet. Gynecol. Int. 2020, 2020, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dulska, A.; Bodziony, J.; Janik, M.; Drosdzol-Cop, A. The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus. Children 2024, 11, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020255
Dulska A, Bodziony J, Janik M, Drosdzol-Cop A. The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus. Children. 2024; 11(2):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020255
Chicago/Turabian StyleDulska, Agnieszka, Jakub Bodziony, Marta Janik, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. 2024. "The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus" Children 11, no. 2: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020255
APA StyleDulska, A., Bodziony, J., Janik, M., & Drosdzol-Cop, A. (2024). The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus. Children, 11(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020255