Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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General Ward Admission (n = 350) | PICU Admission (n = 67) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Females, n (%) | 146 (41.7) | 30 (44.8) | 0.642 |
Birth weight, median (IQR) | 2736 (2274.25–3256) | 2740 (2032.5–3202.50) | 0.411 |
Preterm, n (%) | 84 (24.3) | 19 (28.8) | 0.438 |
Gestational age, median (IQR) | 37 (37–39) | 37 (36–39) | 0.683 |
Chronological age, median (IQR) | 6 (2.75–13.25) | 2 (1–5) | <0.001 |
General Ward Admission (n = 350) | PICU Admission (n = 67) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
RSV, n (%) | 186 (53.1) | 43 (64.2) | 0.096 |
Adenovirus, n (%) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.41 |
Coronavirus, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.5) | 0.296 |
Rhinovirus, n (%) | 13 (3.7) | 10 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Human metapneumovirus, n (%) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0.505 |
Influenza A, n (%) | 12 (3.4) | 2 (3) | 1 |
Influenza B, n (%) | 6 (1.7) | 1 (1.5) | 1 |
Parainfluenza virus, n (%) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0.505 |
General Ward Admission (n = 350) | PICU Admission (n = 67) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Down syndrome, n (%) | 20 (5.7) | 7(10.4) | 0.149 |
Exposure to second-hand smoking, n (%) | 15 (4.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0.662 |
Congenital respiratory anomalies, n (%) | 19 (5.4) | 4 (6.0) | 0.859 |
Exclusive breastfeeding, n (%) | 16 (6.6) | 4 (9.1) | 0.548 |
Following Palivizumab immunoprophylaxis program, n (%) | 10 (2.9) | 2 (3) | 0.954 |
Tachypnea, n (%) | 164 (46.9) | 36 (53.7) | 0.302 |
Dehydration, n (%) | 48 (13.7) | 11 (16.4) | 0.561 |
Rhinorrhea, n (%) | 163 (46.6) | 26 (38.8) | 0.242 |
Cyanosis, n (%) | 60 (17.1) | 15 (22.4) | 0.306 |
Fever, n (%) | 203 (58) | 34 (50.7) | 0.272 |
Wheezing, n (%) | 125 (35.7) | 23 (34.3) | 0.828 |
Cough, n (%) | 318 (90.9) | 55 (82.1) | 0.032 |
Crepitation, n (%) | 132 (37.7) | 22 (32.8) | 0.488 |
Lethargy, n (%) | 147 (42.0) | 27 (40.3) | 0.796 |
Apnea, n (%) | 26 (7.4) | 10 (14.9) | 0.045 |
Hypoxia, n (%) | 41 (11.7) | 25 (37.3) | <0.001 |
Retraction, n (%) | 145 (41.4) | 33 (49.3) | 0.235 |
SpO2, median (IQR) | 96 (93–98) | 94 (87–96) | <0.001 |
Oxygen flow rate, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–4.5) | 0.378 |
Heart rate, median (IQR) | 152 (139–168) | 158 (140–173) | 0.105 |
Respiratory rate, median (IQR) | 48 (38–56) | 50 (40–62) | 0.212 |
Hyperinflation on X-ray, n (%) | 111 (31.7) | 32 (47.8) | 0.011 |
Peribronchial wall infiltrates on X-ray, n (%) | 259 (74.0) | 55 (82.1) | 0.16 |
WBC (103/μL), median (IQR) | 10.6 (7.7–13.47) | 11.7 (7.85–15.35) | 0.167 |
Neutrophil (103/μL), median (IQR) | 4.39 (2.33–6.39) | 4.55 (2.79–6.78) | 0.221 |
Lymphocyte (103/μL), median (IQR) | 4.16 (2.74–5.86) | 4.59 (3.31–6.27) | 0.313 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 11.5 (10.6–12.5) | 11.4 (10.5–12.7) | 0.916 |
C-Reactive Protein, median (IQR) | 13.25 (3.5–35.42) | 17.2 (5.25–53.25) | 0.062 |
Procalcitonin, median (IQR) | 0.13 (0.067–0.25) | 0.3 (0.06–1.91) | 0.323 |
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR 1 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Down syndrome | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.037 |
Neuromuscular | 1.9 | 2.9 | 0.033 |
Significant CHD | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
Immunodeficiency | 1.7 | 7.1 | 0.046 |
Chronic lung disease | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.24 |
Preterm < 29 wGA | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.8 |
GA categories | |||
Term (reference) | 91 (26.0) | Reference | 0.162 |
Late preterm (34–36 wGA) | 258 (73.7) | 0.901 | 0.809 |
Intermediate preterm (29–33 wGA) | 9 (2.6) | 2.931 | 0.029 |
Extreme preterm (<29 wGA) | 320 (91.4) | 0.929 | 0.911 |
General Ward Admission (n = 350) | PICU Admission (n = 67) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Bronchodilators, n (%) | 279 (79.7) | 60 (89.6) | 0.059 |
Oxygen therapy, median days (IQR) | 0 (0–3) | 4 (2–6) | <0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation, median days (IQR) * | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
CPAP, median days (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 3 (1–5) | <0.001 |
HFNC, median days (IQR) * | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
Nasal suctioning, n (%) | 204 (58.3) | 61 (91.0) | <0.001 |
Anticholinergics, n (%) | 23 (6.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.149 |
Systemic steroids, n (%) | 63 (18.0) | 12 (17.9) | 0.986 |
Inhaled steroids, n (%) | 91 (26.0) | 10 (14.9) | 0.053 |
Hypertonic saline, n (%) | 258 (73.7) | 56 (83.6) | 0.086 |
Anti-leukotriene, n (%) | 9 (2.6) | 1 (1.5) | 1 |
IV fluid, n (%) | 320 (91.4) | 64 (95.5) | 0.255 |
Antibiotics, median days (IQR) | 2 (0–5) | 5 (3–8) | <0.001 |
Antivirals, median days (IQR) * | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.839 |
NG/ND, n (%) | 30 (8.7) | 57 (80.3) | <0.001 |
Death, n (%) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
TLOHS, median days (IQR) | 4 (3–7) | 10 (7–13) | <0.001 |
Secondary bacterial infection, n (%) | 82 (23.4) | 18 (26.9) | 0.546 |
Pneumonia, n (%) | 24 (6.9) | 10 (14.9) | 0.027 |
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Osman, S.; Alaa adeen, A.; Hetta, O.; Alsiraihi, A.; Bader, M.; Aloufi, A.; Abushouk, A.; Al-hindi, M.Y. Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia. Children 2023, 10, 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040646
Osman S, Alaa adeen A, Hetta O, Alsiraihi A, Bader M, Aloufi A, Abushouk A, Al-hindi MY. Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia. Children. 2023; 10(4):646. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040646
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsman, Sara, Abdulqader Alaa adeen, Omar Hetta, Abdulaziz Alsiraihi, Mahmoud Bader, Alwaleed Aloufi, Amir Abushouk, and Mohammed Yasir Al-hindi. 2023. "Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia" Children 10, no. 4: 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040646
APA StyleOsman, S., Alaa adeen, A., Hetta, O., Alsiraihi, A., Bader, M., Aloufi, A., Abushouk, A., & Al-hindi, M. Y. (2023). Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia. Children, 10(4), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040646