Child Weight Status: The Role of Feeding Styles and Highly Motivated Eating in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ)
2.2.2. Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ)
2.2.3. Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ)
2.2.4. Eating in the Absence of Hunger Task (EAH)
2.2.5. Anthropometrics
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants (n = 129) | |
---|---|
Parent gender-female | 100.0% |
Child gender-female | 53.5% |
Parent age in years M (SD) | 31.55 (6.60) |
Child age in years M (SD) | 4.76 (0.46) |
Education of parent | |
Less than high school diploma | 38.0% |
High school diploma or equivalent | 24.0% |
Some college or more | 38.0% |
Employment status, currently employed | 20.9% |
Marital status | |
Married | 58.9% |
Never Married | 14.0% |
Widowed, separated, divorced | 27.1% |
Parent immigrant status | |
Born in U.S. | 17.8% |
Born in Mexico | 63.5% |
Born in Central America | 17.9% |
Other | 0.8% |
Child immigrant status | |
Born in U.S. | 96.9% |
Child BMI categories | |
Underweight (<5th percentile) | 1.6 |
Healthy (5th to <85th percentile) | 48.8 |
Overweight (85th to <95th percentile) | 22.5 |
Obese (≥95th percentile) | 27.1 |
Subscale | Loadings |
---|---|
Enjoyment of Food | 0.79 * |
Emotional Overeating | 0.26 |
Satiety Responsiveness | −0.79 * |
Slowness in Eating | −0.54 * |
Desire to Drink | 0.25 |
Food Fussiness | −0.62 * |
Emotional Undereating | −0.26 |
Food Responsiveness | 0.60 * |
Mean | SD | T1 CFQ Restriction | T1 CFQ Pressure to Eat | T1 CFQ Monitoring | T1 CEBQ Highly Motivated Eating | T1 EAH | T1 CFSQ Authoritative | T1 CFSQ Authoritarian | T1 CFSQ Indulgent | T1 Child BMI z-Score | T3 Child BMI z-Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 CFQ Restriction a | 3.60 | 0.73 | - | |||||||||
T1 CFQ Pressure to Eat a | 3.60 | 0.87 | 0.24 *** | - | ||||||||
T1 CFQ Monitoring a | 4.25 | 0.85 | 0.12 | 0.04 | - | |||||||
T1 CEBQ Highly Motivated Eating a | 3.09 | 0.50 | −0.01 | −0.08 | −0.03 | - | ||||||
T1 EAH b | 2.20 | 0.75 | 00.03 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 00.04 | - | |||||
T1 CFSQ Authoritative c | 0.16 | 0.37 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | - | ||||
T1 CFSQ Authoritarian c | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.27 *** | 0.26 *** | −0.10 | −0.32 *** | 0.00 | −0.32 *** | - | |||
T1 CFSQ Indulgent c | 0.33 | 0.47 | −0.33 *** | −0.21** | 0.07 | 0.24 *** | −00.01 | −0.31 *** | −0.52 *** | - | ||
T1 Child BMI z-score | 0.94 | 1.14 | −0.03 | −0.23 *** | −0.07 | 0.23 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.03 | −0.15 * | 0.15 * | - | |
T3 Child BMI z-score | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.01 | −0.10 | −0.22 * | 0.16 | 0.23 ** | 0.02 | −0.14 | 0.20 * | 0.83 *** | - |
All Participants (n = 129) | Below Median Scores on Highly Motivated Eating (CEBQ) (n = 64) | Above Median Scores on Highly Motivated Eating (CEBQ) (n = 65) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model Adjusted R2 F (Model) | 0.72 F(11,117) = 31.04 | *** | 0.69 F(5,58) = 29.02 | *** | 0.68 F(5,59) = 27.54 | *** |
Independent Variables | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |||
T1 Child BMI z-score | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | *** | 0.83 (0.68–0.98) | *** | 0.74 (0.61–0.88) | *** |
T1 CFQ Restriction a | 0.15 (−0.02–0.32) | 0.08 (−0.16–0.33) | −0.02 (−0.23–0.19) | |||
T1 CFQ Pressure to Eat a | 0.02 (−0.11–0.15) | −0.03 (−0.26–0.21) | 0.04 (−0.14–0.21) | |||
T1 CFQ Monitoring a | −0.17 (−0.30–−0.04) | ** | −0.23 (−0.45–0.00) | + | −0.09 (−0.26–0.08) | |
T1 CFSQ Authoritative b | 0.39 (0.03–0.75) | * | 0.47 (0.02–0.92) | * | 0.02 (−0.34–0.39) | |
T1 CFSQ Authoritarian b | −0.10 (−0.43–0.22) | |||||
T1 CFSQ Indulgent b | 0.40 (0.06–0.73) | * | ||||
T1 CEBQ Highly Motivated Eating a | 0.34 (−0.26–0.94) | |||||
T1 Authoritative Feeding X Highly Motivated Eating | −0.96 (−1.77–−0.15) | * | ||||
T1 Authoritarian Feeding X Highly Motivated Eating | −0.43 (−1.13–0.27) | |||||
T1 Indulgent Feeding X Highly Motivated Eating | −0.39 (−1.15–0.36) |
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Papaioannou, M.A.; Power, T.G.; O’Connor, T.M.; Fisher, J.O.; Micheli, N.E.; Hughes, S.O. Child Weight Status: The Role of Feeding Styles and Highly Motivated Eating in Children. Children 2023, 10, 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030507
Papaioannou MA, Power TG, O’Connor TM, Fisher JO, Micheli NE, Hughes SO. Child Weight Status: The Role of Feeding Styles and Highly Motivated Eating in Children. Children. 2023; 10(3):507. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030507
Chicago/Turabian StylePapaioannou, Maria A., Thomas G. Power, Teresia M. O’Connor, Jennifer O. Fisher, Nilda E. Micheli, and Sheryl O. Hughes. 2023. "Child Weight Status: The Role of Feeding Styles and Highly Motivated Eating in Children" Children 10, no. 3: 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030507