Focus Groups to Inform User-Centered Development of an eHealth Sleep Intervention for Adolescents: Perspectives of Youth with Insomnia Symptoms, with and without Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Questionnaires
Screening Questionnaires
Demographic Questionnaire
Sleep Hygiene Index
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Focus Group Themes
3.2.1. Perception and Use of Healthy Sleep Practices
3.2.2. Following Healthy Sleep Practices
Sleep Practices Considered Reasonable to Implement
Sleep Practices Considered Difficult to Try or Change
3.2.3. Following Healthy Sleep Practices
Barriers to Following Healthy Sleep Practices
Facilitators to Healthy Sleep Practices
3.3. eHealth Intervention Development
3.3.1. eHealth Sleep Intervention Content
3.3.2. eHealth Features and Visual Presentation
3.3.3. Barriers and Facilitators to Using eHealth Interventions
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Adolescents (n = 24) | Stakeholders (n = 22) |
---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 16.50 (1.25) | 41.38 (10.70) |
Sex | ||
Female | N = 14 (58%) | N = 12 (55%) |
Male | N = 10 (42%) | N = 10 (45%) |
Ethnicity | ||
Caucasian | N = 13 (54%) | N = 13 (59%) |
South Asian | N = 4 (16%) | N = 5 (23%) |
Other | N = 7 (30%) | N = 4 (18%) |
Stakeholder Type | ||
Parents | -- | N = 8 (36%) |
School professionals | -- | N = 9 (41%) |
Health care professionals | -- | N = 5 (23%) |
Adolescents without Pain, Mean (SD) | Adolescents with Pain, Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Insomnia Severity Index 1 | 19.8 (2.78) | 17.29 (6.60) |
Sleep Hygiene Index 2 | 39.9 (5.92) | 37.10 (6.64) |
Recurrent pain | N = 6 | N = 14 |
Pain intensity (0–10) | 4.50 (2.34) | 5.38 (1.06) |
Pain duration (months) | 3.50 (4.04) | 6.63 (4.62) |
Pain Type | ||
Headache | N = 1 | N = 10 |
Musculoskeletal pain | N = 2 | N = 4 |
Abdominal pain | N = 1 | -- |
Other | N = 2 | -- |
Label | Definition |
---|---|
Sleep duration | 8–10 h of sleep each night, without any naps during the day |
Consistent times | Going to bed and waking at the same time (within 1 h) every day, including weekends |
Bedtime routine | Doing the same things in the same order around the same time, every night before bed |
Caffeine | No caffeine in the few hours before bed |
Exciting activities | No exciting activities in the hour before bed |
Hunger | Not going to bed hungry, or consuming a large meal before bed |
Relaxed | Being relaxed and calm before bed |
Location | Sleep in the same location every night |
Bedroom | Sleep in a dark and quiet bedroom |
Electronics | No electronics, including phones, in the bedroom |
Room for sleep | Using the bed and bedroom only for sleep |
Eating healthy | Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet |
Physical activity | Engaging in regular physical activity |
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Tougas, M.; Rigney, G.; Chambers, C.; Smith, I.; Mugford, J.; Keeler, L.; Rajda, M.; Corkum, P. Focus Groups to Inform User-Centered Development of an eHealth Sleep Intervention for Adolescents: Perspectives of Youth with Insomnia Symptoms, with and without Pain. Children 2023, 10, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101692
Tougas M, Rigney G, Chambers C, Smith I, Mugford J, Keeler L, Rajda M, Corkum P. Focus Groups to Inform User-Centered Development of an eHealth Sleep Intervention for Adolescents: Perspectives of Youth with Insomnia Symptoms, with and without Pain. Children. 2023; 10(10):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101692
Chicago/Turabian StyleTougas, Michelle, Gabrielle Rigney, Christine Chambers, Isabel Smith, Joshua Mugford, Laura Keeler, Malgorzata Rajda, and Penny Corkum. 2023. "Focus Groups to Inform User-Centered Development of an eHealth Sleep Intervention for Adolescents: Perspectives of Youth with Insomnia Symptoms, with and without Pain" Children 10, no. 10: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101692
APA StyleTougas, M., Rigney, G., Chambers, C., Smith, I., Mugford, J., Keeler, L., Rajda, M., & Corkum, P. (2023). Focus Groups to Inform User-Centered Development of an eHealth Sleep Intervention for Adolescents: Perspectives of Youth with Insomnia Symptoms, with and without Pain. Children, 10(10), 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101692