Sleep Stage Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Narcolepsy–Cataplexy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objective and Hypothesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Neuropsychological Assessment
2.4. Polysomnographic Recording
2.5. Stage Transitions
2.6. Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation Task
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Questionnaires and Neuropsychological Assessment
3.2. Sleep Architecture
3.3. Sleep Transition
3.3.1. Overall and Stage-Specific Transition Rate (Number/Hour)
3.3.2. Global Relative Transition Frequency
3.3.3. Overnight REM Sleep Transition
3.3.4. Altered First REM Sleep Period Transition
3.3.5. Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation
3.3.6. Sleep Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Performance
4. Discussion
4.1. Altered First REM Period Sleep Transition
4.2. Overnight REM Sleep Transitions
4.3. Memory and Sleep Transition
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Children | Narcoleptic Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | Score | N | Score | t/X2 Values | p Values |
Questionnaires | ||||||
AESS | 21 | 2.86 ± 2.76 | 19 | 15.74 ± 3.45 | −13.10 | <0.001 ** |
ISI | 20 | 4.45 ± 2.95 | 18 | 11.72 ± 4.2 | −6.23 | <0.001 ** |
CDI | 19 | 11.81 ± 9.46 | 18 | 10.11 ± 8.22 | 0.59 | 0.57 |
Conners | 20 | 5.53 ± 6.20 | 18 | 9.06 ± 7.85 | −1.52 | 0.14 |
Neuropsychological assessment | ||||||
WISC-IV scores | ||||||
IQ | 23 | 111.87 ± 12.74 | 16 | 115.88 ± 19.60 | −0.77 | 0.44 |
VCI | 23 | 116.78 ± 12.68 | 19 | 126.84 ± 16.40 | −2.24 | 0.031 * |
PRI | 23 | 109.39 ± 8.86 | 19 | 109.16 ± 16.40 | 0.06 | 0.953 |
WMI | 23 | 102.61 ± 12.58 | 19 | 106.74 ± 12.30 | −1.07 | 0.292 |
PSI | 23 | 103.04 ± 19.88 | 18 | 99.61 ± 2.10 | 0.55 | 0.589 |
Daytime verbal memory: Stories | ||||||
Immediate recall | 15 | 12.67 ± 2.32 | 11 | 11.82 ± 2.34 | 0.766 | 0.451 |
Delayed recall | 15 | 12.47 ± 2.47 | 11 | 12 ± 3.19 | 0.42 | 0.678 |
Delayed recognition | 14 | 13.21 ± 2.46 | 9 | 11.33 ± 2.65 | 1.741 | 0.096 |
Daytime visual memory: Dots localization | ||||||
Learning | 14 | 11.79 ± 1.89 | 12 | 10.25 ± 3.05 | 1.569 | 0.13 |
Learning and immediate recall | 14 | 12.00 ± 0.39 | 12 | 10.00 ± 3.10 | 2.397 | 0.025 * |
Delayed recall | 15 | 12.53 ± 2.07 | 12 | 10.25 ± 2.45 | 2.626 | 0.015 * |
Control Children | Narcoleptic Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | Score | N | Score | t/X2 Values | p Values |
TST (min) | 23 | 531.57 ± 45.68 | 21 | 481.38 ± 45.68 | 2.85 | 0.007 ** |
LAT (min) | 23 | 29.98 ± 30.73 | 21 | 5.14 ± 5.61 | 3.67 | 0.001 ** |
Latency REM (min) | 23 | 145.7 ± 59.06 | 21 | 43.19 ± 64.1 | 5.48 | <0.001 ** |
Sleep efficiency (%) | 23 | 92.62 ± 5.48 | 21 | 83.83 ± 5.18 | 5.46 | <0.001 ** |
N1 (min) | 23 | 63.87 ± 24.34 | 21 | 74.68 ± 31.69 | −1.28 | 0.209 |
N1 (%) | 23 | 11.97 ± 3.89 | 21 | 15.61 ± 6.57 | −2.26 | 0.029 * |
N2 (min) | 23 | 238.83 ± 45.79 | 21 | 185.07 ± 32.92 | 4.43 | <0.001 ** |
N2 (%) | 23 | 44.65 ± 5.38 | 21 | 38.43 ± 5.87 | 3.67 | 0.001 ** |
N3 (min) | 23 | 123.61 ± 28.39 | 21 | 104.48 ± 25.17 | 2.36 | 0.023 * |
N3 (%) | 23 | 23.54 ± 5.73 | 21 | 21.76 ± 5.24 | 1.08 | 0.288 |
REM (min) | 23 | 104.26 ± 28.34 | 21 | 117.12 ± 28.53 | −1.5 | 0.141 |
REM (%) | 23 | 19.67 ± 4.98 | 21 | 24.2 ± 4.81 | −3.06 | 0.004 ** |
Arousals (nb) | 23 | 10.49 ± 3.76 | 21 | 13.92 ± 5.08 | −2.50 | 0.017 * |
WASO (min) | 23 | 33.97 ± 28.55 | 21 | 90.64 ± 29.25 | −6.5 | <0.001 ** |
AHOI, n/h | 21 | 0.62 ± 0.05 |
Control Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(nb/h) | W | N1 | N2 | N3 | REM |
W | 1.97 ± 0.85 | 0.65 ± 0.41 | 0.08 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.26 | |
N1 | 0.75 ± 0.49 | 2.77 ± 0.90 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.61 | |
N2 | 1.18 ± 0.61 | 1.65 ± 0.95 | 1.16 ± 0.57 | 0.45 ± 0.20 | |
N3 | 0.36 ± 0.17 | 0.16 ± 0.31 | 0.78 ± 0.61 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
REM | 0.70 ± 0.43 | 1.06 ± 0.54 | 0.19 ± 0.20 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Narcoleptic children | |||||
(nb/h) | W | N1 | N2 | N3 | REM |
W | 4.40 ± 1.83 *** | 1.09 ± 0.63 ** | 0.18 ± 0.19 * | 1.06 ± 0.60 *** | |
N1 | 1.99 ± 1.09 *** | 3.98 ± 1.90 ** | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 1.10 ± 0.51 | |
N2 | 2.61 ± 0.91 ** | 1.83 ± 1.15 | 0.86 ± 0.41 | 0.28 ± 0.23 * | |
N3 | 0.67 ± 0.29 ** | 0.09 ± 0.16 | 0.31 ± 0.30 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
REM | 1.51 ± 0.65 *** | 0.71 ± 0.51 * | 0.21 ± 0.21 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Control Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | Wake | N1 | N2 | N3 | REM |
W | 12.87 ± 4,83 | 4.17 ± 2.33 | 0.53 ± 0.71 | 2.57 ± 3.32 | |
N1 | 4.69 ± 2.84 | 17.87 ± 3.74 | 0.35 ± 0.51 | 7.26 ± 3.48 | |
N2 | 7.86 ± 3.88 | 10.21 ± 4.89 | 7.48 ± 3.43 | 2.97 ± 1.15 | |
N3 | 2.44 ± 1.43 | 1.03 ± 1.92 | 4.85 ± 3.88 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
REM | 4.77 ± 3.08 | 6.84 ± 3.29 | 1.23 ± 1.27 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
Narcoleptic children | |||||
(%) | Wake | N1 | N2 | N3 | REM |
W | 18.64 ± 4.98 *** | 5.36 ± 4.74 | 0.88 ± 1.02 | 5.21 ± 3.97 ** | |
N1 | 8.53 ± 4.15 *** | 16.41 ± 5.84 | 0.10 ± 0.24 | 4.85 ± 2.04 ** | |
N2 | 11.70 ± 4.23 ** | 7.48 ± 3.94 * | 3.72 ± 1.30 *** | 1.20 ± 0.97 *** | |
N3 | 3.05 ± 1.46 | 0.37 ± 0.64 | 1.29 ± 1.02 ** | 0.0 ± 0.0 | |
REM | 7.05 ± 3.89 * | 3.06 ± 2.31 *** | 1.09 ± 1.25 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Control Children | Narcoleptic Children | |
---|---|---|
Stage preceding REM stage (%) | ||
W | 18.92 ± 13.71 | 42.09 ± 20.07 *** |
N1 | 55.75 ± 18.49 | 46.21 ± 20.68 |
N2 | 25.33 ± 13.08 | 11.71 ± 10.22 *** |
N3 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Number of participants entering the first REM sleep period (FREMP) from different stages | ||
W | 0/23 (0%) | 2/21 (9.52%) |
N1 | 0/23 (0%) | 17/21 (80.96%) |
N2 | 20/23 (86.96%) | 1/21 (4.76%) |
N3 | 0/23 (0%) | 0/21 (0%) |
Unknown | 3/23 (13.04%) | 1/21 (4.76%) |
W | 0/23 (0%) | 2/21 (9.52%) |
MSLT1 | MSLT2 | MSLT3 | MSLT4 | MSLT5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients with SOREM | |||||
20/20 (100%) | 20/20 (100%) | 16/20 (80%) | 13/20 (65%) | 6/7 (85.71%) | |
Stage preceding SOREM | |||||
W | 7/20 (35.0%) | 4/20 (20%) | 3/16 (18.75%) | 2/13 (15.38%) | 1/6 (16.67%) |
N1 | 13/20 (65.0%) | 16/20 (80%) | 13/16 (81.25%) | 11/13 (84.62%) | 5/6 (83.33%) |
N2 | 0/21 (0%) | 0/20(0%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0/13 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) |
N3 | 0/21 (0%) | 0/20(0%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0/13 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) |
Control Children | Narcoleptic Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | Score | N | Score | t/X2 Values | p Values |
Learning phase (before PSG recording) | ||||||
Number of trials | 23 | 3.48 ± 1.93 | 21 | 2.86 ± 1.20 | 1.27 | 0.211 |
Correct answers (%) | 23 | 82.96 ± 8.37 | 21 | 82.05 ± 6.88 | 0.39 | 0.698 |
Recall session (after PSG recording) | ||||||
Correct answers (%) | 23 | 84.26 ± 12.84 | 21 | 74.00 ± 13.85 | 2.55 | 0.015 * |
Memory retention score | 23 | 2.09 ± 16.40 | 21 | −9.10 ± 12.25 | 2.08 | 0.044 * |
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Gagnon, K.; Rey, A.E.; Guignard-Perret, A.; Guyon, A.; Reynaud, E.; Herbillon, V.; Lina, J.-M.; Carrier, J.; Franco, P.; Mazza, S. Sleep Stage Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Narcolepsy–Cataplexy. Children 2023, 10, 1702. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101702
Gagnon K, Rey AE, Guignard-Perret A, Guyon A, Reynaud E, Herbillon V, Lina J-M, Carrier J, Franco P, Mazza S. Sleep Stage Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Narcolepsy–Cataplexy. Children. 2023; 10(10):1702. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101702
Chicago/Turabian StyleGagnon, Katia, Amandine E. Rey, Anne Guignard-Perret, Aurore Guyon, Eve Reynaud, Vania Herbillon, Jean-Marc Lina, Julie Carrier, Patricia Franco, and Stéphanie Mazza. 2023. "Sleep Stage Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Narcolepsy–Cataplexy" Children 10, no. 10: 1702. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101702
APA StyleGagnon, K., Rey, A. E., Guignard-Perret, A., Guyon, A., Reynaud, E., Herbillon, V., Lina, J.-M., Carrier, J., Franco, P., & Mazza, S. (2023). Sleep Stage Transitions and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Narcolepsy–Cataplexy. Children, 10(10), 1702. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101702