A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Brief History of Biomarker-Assay Technologies
4. Miniaturized Biomarker Analyzers
5. Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in Point-of-Care Diagnostics
6. Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
7. The Potential Use of IACE for Extracellular Vesicle Studies
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Clinical Significance | Clinical Studies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosomes | Potential to improve neurological injury. | Understanding the effect of exosomes as mediators of the beneficial effects of cell therapy for stroke and traumatic brain injury. | [225] |
Human hepatocellular carcinoma exosomes | Important role in the diagnosis and therapy for tumors. Screening for biomarkers in early formation of chronic hepatitis and liver cancer. | Elucidation of signal pathways and their involvement in growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis; and of the significance of exosomes in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. | [227] |
Human serum exosomes | Symptomatic respiratory viral infections after lung transplantation. | Presence of lung self-antigens, 20S proteasome, and viral antigens implies that exosomes trigger chronic rejection. | [255] |
Optogenetically engineered exosome system (EXPLOR) | Therapeutic carriers to deliver srikB (super-repressor IkB) to a therapeutic target used as sepsis model. | Amelioration of sepsis-induced organ injury and inhibition of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. | [256] |
Human placenta exosomes Maternal plasma exosomes | Therapeutic approach for gestational diabetes mellitus. | To reduce the negative impact of gestational diabetes mellitus. | [257] |
Engineered tumor-derived exosomes | Therapeutic approach as anti-tumor agents. | Potentials usage in cancer immunotherapy. | [258] |
Mouse adipose- derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes | Novel therapeutic strategy for tissue injury. | Proteomic analysis of exosomes found more than 1000 protein groups with a number of biological functions, implying such exosomes might be valuable as potential therapeutic targets for tissue repair. | [259] |
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes | Potential role in osteoarthritis regenerative medicine. | Elucidation of the inflammatory and multiple pathophysiological processes in the synovium, leading to the degradation of cartilage and bone. Potential role in cartilage repair and osteoarthritis therapy. | [260] |
Vascular endothelial cells-derived exosomes Vascular smooth muscle cells-derived exosomes Several other cells-derived exosomes | Potential of exosomes in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of atherosclerosis. | Understanding of occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. | [261] |
Human urine exosomes | Potential of exosomes in diagnosis of nephropathies. | Characterization of proteolytically derived peptides that are essentially relevant to classify patients with nephropathies, cancers of the urinary tract. | [262] |
Human urine exosomes | Potential of exosome gene expression assay as noninvasive test for prostate cancer. | Evaluation of a urinary diagnostic assay to help assess whether a prostate biopsy is warranted. | [263] |
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes | Potential of exosome as treatment for severe COVID-19. | Understanding of the effect and capacity of exosomes to restore oxygenation, downregulate cytokine storm, and reconstitute immunity. | [264] |
Human lungs epithelial cells-derived exosomes transduced with selected genes of the SARS-CoV-2 | A new strategy to demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 RNA-containing exosomes represent an indirect route of entry into cardiomyocytes. | Understanding a potential cardiac dysfunction produced via SARS-CoV-2 RNA containing exosomes, without the need for direct viral infection. | [265] |
Bovine milk exosomes | An alternative strategy to load hydrophilic and lipophilic small molecules, and chemotherapeutic drugs into exosomes. | Potential drug delivery vehicle or nanocarrier for cancer treatment. | [266] |
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived exosomes | May provide considerable advantages over their counterpart live cells, potentially reducing undesirable side effects including infusional toxicities. | Potential use in gene delivery, regenerative medicine, and immunomodulation. | [267] |
Cultured third-molar pulp cell-derived exosomes | Potential of pulp-derived exosomes in combination with fibrin gel to fill dental hard tissues | Understanding the use exosomes in combination with fibrin gel in clinical translation towards improved cell-free regenerative endodontics. | [268] |
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) | Potential for circulating immune-related biomarkers, reflecting partially the genetic and molecular contents of the parent cancer cell. | Understanding how TEXs influence boost tumor growth, regulation of tumor neo-angiogenesis, premetastatic niche formation, and therapy resistance. | [269] |
Human exosomes-based vaccines | Potential use of the S protein of the SARS-CoV, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, incorporated into exosomes as antigen to be used in vaccines to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies. | Manufacturing of highly immunogenic SARS-S-based vaccines. Additionally, potential use in inhibiting tumor growth. | [270] |
Exosomal noncoding RNA in glioma | Potential of exosomes as carriers of bioactive molecules into the brain. Holds great promise in diagnostics and therapy. Noncoding RNAs of exosomes can be modulators of numerous hallmarks of glioma. | Understanding the function of exosomal noncoding RNAs in cell-to-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment, tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune-scape, and treatment resistance. | [271] |
Human exosomes in cardiovascular diseases | Potential of exosomes as more effective intervention targets on ischemic heart disease. The presence of exosomes in plaque tissue, ischemic heart, and peripheral blood can be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. | Understanding the participation of exosomes in the evolution of ischemic heart disease, including their role in endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, atheromatous plaque formation and rupture, ischemia-reperfusion, and heart failure. | [272] |
Human urine exosomes | Potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics in kidney diseases or disorders. | Understanding the role of exosomes in pathogenic mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and therapeutics of various kidney diseases, particularly lupus nephritis, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, renal fibrosis, kidney transplantation, and renal carcinoma. | [273] |
Exosomes in inflammatory processes | Potential of exosome’s cargo, such as the novel SLC22A5 transport protein, to serve as useful biomarker of inflammatory processes. | Understanding the significance of exosomes as carriers of inflammatory mediators involved in human pathologies. | [274] |
Human saliva exosomes from HIV-positive people | Platform to demonstrate that isolated saliva exosomes from HIV-positive individuals promote Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) infectivity in human oral epithelial cells. | Understanding how the trans-activation response element (TAR) RNA in HIV-associated exosomes contribute to enhancing KSHV infectivity through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). | [275] |
Human semen exosomes | Potential of exosome’s cargo containing molecular fingerprints for a non-invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer. | Understanding the role of semen exosomes in prostate cancer diagnosis, and as possible agents for enhancing the transmission of sexual diseases. | [276] |
Human serum exosomes | Potential role of some miRNAs extracted from serum exosomes of Parkinson’s disease patients to serve as biomarkers. | Understanding the significance of the expression levels of miR19b, miR24, and miR195 as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. | [277] |
Human milk exosomes | A complementary strategy to deliver more functional insights of human milk. | Providing an enhanced immunological and micronutrient profile of human milk, with significant relevance to breast milk quality and the health of the mother and infant. | [278] |
Human umbilical cord exosomes | Potential role of exosomes derived from Akt-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells as therapy for improving cardiac regeneration. | Understanding the role of why exosomes obtained from Akt-modified umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are more effective as therapy in myocardial infarction by promoting angiogenesis via activating platelet-derived growth factor D. | [279] |
Human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes | Potential role of miRNA from exosomes with proinflammatory signatures in asthma and in allergic airway diseases. | Understanding the role of miRNA obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes. Particularly microRNAs miR-24 and miR-27, which can modulate gene programming and promote inflammation. | [280] |
Human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma exosomes | Potential use of alpha-synuclein and tau proteins obtained from central nervous system-derived exosomes that can efflux into blood can be used as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes can also serve as carriers of therapeutic substances for diseases of the central nervous system. | Understanding the role of the content of exosomes derived from the central nervous system in Parkinson’s disease. Exosomes can carry and spread toxic alpha-synuclein between cells and induce apoptosis. | [281] |
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal exosomes | Potential use as a tool to assay the capacity of exosomes to influence neuronal and circuit development. Control exosomes rescue neurodevelopmental defects in a model of Rett syndrome. | Understanding the role of exosomes in the development of neural circuits, the increase in neurogenesis, and the promotion of cell proliferation and neural differentiation. | [282] |
Blood or cerebrospinal fluid-derived circulating circular exosomal RNAs | Potential use of circulating exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) as biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders. | Understanding the role of closed-loop structure circular RNAs, a novel class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), in mental diseases. Some studies show that circRNAs possess regulatory potential as “sponges” for target microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA binding proteins. | [283] |
Ovarian cancer cells-derived exosomes | Potential use of exosomal proteins and lipids in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. | Understanding the role several lipid species and proteins, which significantly differ in cancer derived exosomes when compared to those from ovarian surface epithelial cells. | [284] |
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Guzman, N.A.; Guzman, D.E. A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080255
Guzman NA, Guzman DE. A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(8):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080255
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzman, Norberto A., and Daniel E. Guzman. 2020. "A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy" Biomedicines 8, no. 8: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080255