Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein (L5 LDL)
2.1. Definition and Methodolgy
2.2. Glycosylation of Apolipoproteins in L5 LDL
2.3. Atherogenic Lipid Moieties of L5 LDL
3. Cellular Signaling of L5 LDL
3.1. Signaling in Endothelial Cells
3.2. Signaling in Platelets
3.3. Signaling in Immune Cells
4. Clinical Significance of L5 LDL
4.1. Cardiometabolic Disorders
4.2. Acute Ischemic Events
4.3. Autoimmune Diseases
5. Implication of L5 LDL
5.1. Diagnostic Value of L5 LDL
5.2. Clinical Implication of L5 LDL
5.3. Drawback and Limitation of L5 LDL Quantification
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Publications | Sci Rep [7] | JCEM [9] | Blood [10] | Blood [11] | JCM [13] | AR [12] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects | HLP | MetS | STEMI | stroke | RA | SLE |
n | 35 | 29 | 30 | 35 | 30 | 45 |
T-CHOL | 235.9 ± 36.6 | 232.9 ± 31.6 a | 179.1 ± 33.9 | 151.4 ± 34.3 | 219 (193–245) c | NA |
TG | 164.5 ± 90.6 | 259.6 ± 209.1 a | 119.6 ± 65.6 | 123.8 ± 72.5 | 123 (87–170) c | NA |
HDL-C | 53.1 ± 16.4 | 45.4 ± 9.7 a,** | 38.5 ± 8.6 *** | 32.7 ± 6.6 | 58.5 (48–66) c | 48.9 ± 17.5 ** |
LDL-C | 146.0 ± 34.9 *** | 142.2 ± 41.8 a | 116.7 ± 32.4 | 105.4 ± 34.5 | 142 (111–168) c | 105.1 ± 32.3 * |
L5% | 2.3 ± 1.3 *** | 5.3 ± 6.9 a,*** | 15.4 ± 14.5 *** | 19.1 ± 10.6 *** | 2.0 (1.3–4.5) c,*** | 2.4 ± 1.3 *** |
[L5] | 3.2 ± 2.0 *** | 7.3 ± 9.8 a,** | 18.9 ± 21.0 *** | 20.6 ± 13.5 *** | 2.9 (1.7–5.7) c,*** | 2.4 ± 1.3 *** |
Controls | NHC | None-MetS | NHC | NHC | NHC | NHC |
n | 35 | 29 | 30 | 25 | 12 | 37 |
T-CHOL | 173.4 ± 32.8 | 215.3 ± 50.8 b | 179.3 ± 32.9 | 150.8 ± 32.9 | 208 (201–231) c | NA |
TG | 79.7 ± 56.1 | 91.6 ± 47.5 b | 78.6 ± 59.8 | 109 ± 38.5 | 90 (72.8–126) c | NA |
HDL-C | 54.4 ± 14.0 | 56.5 ± 17.4 b | 55.6 ± 14.2 | 41.8 ± 12.1 | 59 (46–78) c | 58 ± 16 |
LDL-C | 103.3 ± 27.6 | 140.9 ± 44.5 b | 108.1 ± 28.4 | 92.6 ± 33.5 | 131 (120–155) c | 118.2 ± 23.3 |
L5% | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.4 b | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) c | 0.7 ± 0.3 |
[L5] | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 2.0 b | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 (0.8–1.5) c | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
L5% [P’t-NHC] | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 13.9 ± 2.7 | 18.6 ± 1.8 | NA | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
[L5] [P’t-NHC] | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 17.2 ± 3.8 | 20.1 ± 2.3 | NA | 1.6 ± 0.2 |
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Chu, C.-S.; Law, S.H.; Lenzen, D.; Tan, Y.-H.; Weng, S.-F.; Ito, E.; Wu, J.-C.; Chen, C.-H.; Chan, H.-C.; Ke, L.-Y. Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080254
Chu C-S, Law SH, Lenzen D, Tan Y-H, Weng S-F, Ito E, Wu J-C, Chen C-H, Chan H-C, Ke L-Y. Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(8):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080254
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Chih-Sheng, Shi Hui Law, David Lenzen, Yong-Hong Tan, Shih-Feng Weng, Etsuro Ito, Jung-Chou Wu, Chu-Huang Chen, Hua-Chen Chan, and Liang-Yin Ke. 2020. "Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis" Biomedicines 8, no. 8: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080254