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Biomedicines
Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/biomedicines13061332
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques

by
Zacharias Fasoulakis
1,
Dimitrios Papageorgiou
2,*,
Athanasios Papanikolaou
1,
Marianna Chatziioannou
1,
Ioakeim Sapantzoglou
1,
Afroditi Pegkou
1,
George Daskalakis
1 and
Panos Antsaklis
1
1
1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital Alexandra, 15238 Athens, Greece
2
Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061332
Submission received: 4 April 2025 / Revised: 27 May 2025 / Accepted: 27 May 2025 / Published: 29 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Art of ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies))
Versions Notes

Abstract

The female genital microbiota plays a critical role in reproductive health and has recently emerged as a key factor influencing the outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ARTs). Beyond traditional concerns about vaginal dysbiosis and infections such as bacterial vaginosis or mycoses, recent evidence highlights the broader impact of genital microbial communities, including the vaginal, cervical, and endometrial niches, on ART success rates. New findings suggest that specific bacterial profiles, as well as shifts in the virome and mycobiome, can significantly affect implantation and pregnancy outcomes. Non-invasive biomarkers such as menstrual blood have also been proposed for assessing endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, growing attention has been directed towards methodological challenges such as contamination risks during microbiota sampling which may influence study reliability. This review synthesizes the latest data on the relationship between the female genital microbiota and ART outcomes, with a focus on standardized microbiological analysis techniques and specific patient populations such as those experiencing recurrent implantation to optimize ART success based on microbiota profiling.
Keywords: genital microbiota; vaginal microbiota; endometrial microbiota; bacteria; assisted reproductive techniques; ART; fertility genital microbiota; vaginal microbiota; endometrial microbiota; bacteria; assisted reproductive techniques; ART; fertility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fasoulakis, Z.; Papageorgiou, D.; Papanikolaou, A.; Chatziioannou, M.; Sapantzoglou, I.; Pegkou, A.; Daskalakis, G.; Antsaklis, P. Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061332

AMA Style

Fasoulakis Z, Papageorgiou D, Papanikolaou A, Chatziioannou M, Sapantzoglou I, Pegkou A, Daskalakis G, Antsaklis P. Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(6):1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061332

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fasoulakis, Zacharias, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, Athanasios Papanikolaou, Marianna Chatziioannou, Ioakeim Sapantzoglou, Afroditi Pegkou, George Daskalakis, and Panos Antsaklis. 2025. "Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques" Biomedicines 13, no. 6: 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061332

APA Style

Fasoulakis, Z., Papageorgiou, D., Papanikolaou, A., Chatziioannou, M., Sapantzoglou, I., Pegkou, A., Daskalakis, G., & Antsaklis, P. (2025). Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Biomedicines, 13(6), 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061332

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