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Volume 11
Issue 3
10.3390/biomedicines11030826
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Review

The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches

by
Nur Erysha Sabrina Jefferi
1,
Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari
1,
Nur Khayrin Zulaikha Noor Azhar
2,
Joyce Goh Yi Shin
2,
Nur Annisa Mohd Kharir
2,
Muhammad Afiq Azhar
2,
Zariyantey Abd Hamid
1,
Siti Balkis Budin
1 and
Izatus Shima Taib
1,*
1
Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
2
Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030826
Submission received: 31 December 2022 / Revised: 23 February 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2023 / Published: 9 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Prostate Cancer 2.0)
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Abstract

Castration-resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, is an aggressive stage of prostate cancer (PCa) in which PCa cells invade nearby or other parts of the body. When a patient with PCa goes through androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and the cancer comes back or worsens, this is called CRPC. Instead of androgen-dependent signalling, recent studies show the involvement of the estrogen pathway through the regulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in CRPC development. Reduced levels of testosterone due to ADT lead to low ERβ functionality in inhibiting the proliferation of PCa cells. Additionally, ERα, which possesses androgen independence, continues to promote the proliferation of PCa cells. The functions of ERα and ERβ in controlling PCa progression have been studied, but further research is needed to elucidate their roles in promoting CRPC. Finding new ways to treat the disease and stop it from becoming worse will require a clear understanding of the molecular processes that can lead to CRPC. The current review summarizes the underlying processes involving ERα and ERβ in developing CRPC, including castration-resistant mechanisms after ADT and available medication modification in mitigating CRPC progression, with the goal of directing future research and treatment.
Keywords: castration-resistant prostate cancer; estrogen receptor; anti-estrogen therapy; antioxidant; immunotherapy castration-resistant prostate cancer; estrogen receptor; anti-estrogen therapy; antioxidant; immunotherapy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jefferi, N.E.S.; Shamhari, A.‘A.; Noor Azhar, N.K.Z.; Shin, J.G.Y.; Kharir, N.A.M.; Azhar, M.A.; Hamid, Z.A.; Budin, S.B.; Taib, I.S. The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030826

AMA Style

Jefferi NES, Shamhari A‘A, Noor Azhar NKZ, Shin JGY, Kharir NAM, Azhar MA, Hamid ZA, Budin SB, Taib IS. The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(3):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030826

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jefferi, Nur Erysha Sabrina, Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari, Nur Khayrin Zulaikha Noor Azhar, Joyce Goh Yi Shin, Nur Annisa Mohd Kharir, Muhammad Afiq Azhar, Zariyantey Abd Hamid, Siti Balkis Budin, and Izatus Shima Taib. 2023. "The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches" Biomedicines 11, no. 3: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030826

APA Style

Jefferi, N. E. S., Shamhari, A. ‘A., Noor Azhar, N. K. Z., Shin, J. G. Y., Kharir, N. A. M., Azhar, M. A., Hamid, Z. A., Budin, S. B., & Taib, I. S. (2023). The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 11(3), 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030826

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