Humidity and Temperature Sensing of Mixed Nickel–Magnesium Spinel Ferrites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structural Characterization
3.2. Morphology
3.3. Elemental Composition and Surface Analysis
3.4. Temperature Sensing
3.5. Humidity Sensing
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Lattice Constant (Å) | Inversion Degree | Crystallite Size (nm) | Hematite (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MgFe2O4 | 8.37854(10) | 0.8 | 37 | 17.7 |
Ni0.1Mg0.9Fe2O4 | 8.36136(2) | 0.8 | 30 | 0 |
Ni0.3Mg0.7Fe2O4 | 8.36820(8) | 0.8 | 38 | 6.2 |
Ni0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 | 8.34918(11) | 0.8 | 37 | 6.9 |
Ni0.7Mg0.3Fe2O4 | 8.34304(10) | 1 | 34 | 6.9 |
Ni0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4 | 8.33014(10) | 1 | 39 | 4.2 |
NiFe2O4 | 8.33677(10) | 1 | 39 | 0.4 |
El. | MgFe2O4 (%) | Ni0.5 Mg0.5Fe2O4 (%) | NiFe2O4 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mg | 23.4 | 9.9 | / |
Ni | / | 1.3 | 13.1 |
Fe | 10.9 | 72.4 | 22.3 |
C | 3.3 | / | 8.9 |
O | 62.4 | 16.4 | 55.7 |
Sample | B30/90 (K) | α (%/K) | Ea (eV) | Er (eV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MgFe2O4 | 3426 | −3.73 | 0.343 | 0.306 |
Ni0.1Mg0.9Fe2O4 | 3747 | −4.08 | 0.347 | 0.319 |
Ni0.3Mg0.7Fe2O4 | 3177 | −3.46 | 0.308 | 0.286 |
Ni0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 | 2849 | −3.10 | 0.294 | 0.263 |
Ni0.7Mg0.3Fe2O4 | 2218 | −2.41 | 0.246 | 0.211 |
Ni0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4 | 1348 | −1.47 | 0.119 | 0.039 |
NiFe2O4 | / | / | / | / |
ΔRH (%) | ΔZ/ΔRH (kΩ/%RH) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4 | Ni0.7Mg0.3Fe2O4 | Ni0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 | Ni0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 | Ni0.1Mg0.9Fe2O4 | MgFe2O4 | |
10 | 925 | 980 | 1083 | 1163 | 1530 | 958 |
20 | 908 | 910 | 1078 | 870 | 1131 | 1038 |
30 | 541 | 712 | 860 | 630 | 820 | 905 |
40 | 568 | 562 | 682 | 483 | 627 | 719 |
50 | 465 | 457 | 560 | 389 | 505 | 583 |
average | 681.4 | 724.2 | 852.6 | 707 | 922.6 | 840.6 |
Sensing Material | Impedance/Resistance Change | Sensitivity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
ZnFe2O4, solid-state synthesis, pellets | 43935 MΩ (RH 5%)–15 MΩ (RH 98%), R | 2895 (R5%/R98%) | [70] |
CuFe2O4 solid-state synthesis, pellets | 1930.9 MΩ (RH 5%)–7.22 MΩ (RH 98%), R | 267 (R5%/R98%) | [70] |
CoFe2O4 solid-state synthesis, pellets | 1506.8 MΩ (RH 5%)–5.8 MΩ (RH 98%), R | 260 (R5%/R98%) | [70] |
NiFe2O4 solid-state synthesis, pellets | 2907.5 MΩ (RH 5%)–11.6 MΩ (RH 98%), R | 249 (R5%/R98%) | [70] |
MgFe2O4 solid-state synthesis, pellets | 26452 MΩ (RH 5%)–114.8 MΩ (RH 98%), R | 230 (R5%/R98%) | [70] |
MgFe2O4, RF sputtered thin film, calcined at 800 °C | 1012 Ω (RH 10%)–109 Ω (RH 90%), R | 20.888 (R10%/R90%) | [75] |
NiFe2O4, solid-state synthesis, pellets | 4.07 MΩ (RH 15%)–32.5 kΩ (RH 85%) Z at 2.5 kHz | 57.6 kΩ/% RH | [76] |
MgFe2O4-Fe2O3-SnO2 composite, solid-state synthesis, pellet | 26.1 MΩ (RH 30%)–1.77 MΩ (RH 90%), Z at 105 Hz | 391 kΩ/% RH (RH 30–90%) | [77] |
MnZn ferrite, thin film | −83 kOm RH (30%)–53 kOm (RH 90%), R | 1.54%/% RH | [78] |
Mg0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4, coprecipitation synthesis, thick film | 3100 MΩ (RH 30%)–600 MΩ (RH 95%), R | 60 MΩ/% RH (RH 30–90%) | [79] |
NiMn2O4 synthesized by electrospinning, thick film | 31 MΩ (40% RH)–8.8 MΩ (90% RH), R | 327.36 kΩ/% RH (RH 40–90%) | [66] |
MgFe2O4, sol-gel synthesis, thick film | 29.3 MΩ (RH 40%)–110 kΩ (RH 90%), Z at 100 Hz | 840.6 kΩ/% RH (RH 40–90%) | This work |
Ni0.1Mg0.9Fe2O4, sol-gel synthesis, thick film | 25.3 MΩ (RH 40%)–40 kΩ (RH 90%) Z at 100 Hz | 922.6 kΩ/% RH (RH 40–90%) | This work |
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Dojcinovic, M.P.; Vasiljevic, Z.Z.; Rakocevic, L.; Pavlovic, V.P.; Ammar-Merah, S.; Vujancevic, J.D.; Nikolic, M.V. Humidity and Temperature Sensing of Mixed Nickel–Magnesium Spinel Ferrites. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010034
Dojcinovic MP, Vasiljevic ZZ, Rakocevic L, Pavlovic VP, Ammar-Merah S, Vujancevic JD, Nikolic MV. Humidity and Temperature Sensing of Mixed Nickel–Magnesium Spinel Ferrites. Chemosensors. 2023; 11(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010034
Chicago/Turabian StyleDojcinovic, Milena P., Zorka Z. Vasiljevic, Lazar Rakocevic, Vera P. Pavlovic, Souad Ammar-Merah, Jelena D. Vujancevic, and Maria Vesna Nikolic. 2023. "Humidity and Temperature Sensing of Mixed Nickel–Magnesium Spinel Ferrites" Chemosensors 11, no. 1: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010034