Link between Excessive Smartphone Use and Sleeping Disorders and Depression among South Korean University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Materials
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No Problem (1) | Slightly Delayed (2) | Markedly Delayed (3) | Very Delayed or Did Not Sleep at All (4) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sleep induction (time takes to fall asleep after turning off the lights). | | | | |
2 | Awakening during the night. | | | | |
3 | Final awakening earlier than desired. | | | | |
4 | Total sleep duration. | | | | |
5 | Overall quality of sleep (no matter how long you slept). | | | | |
6 | Sense of well-being during the day. | | | | |
7 | Functioning (physical and mental) during the day. | | | | |
8 | Sleepiness during the day. | | | | |
Appendix B. Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS)
During the Past Week | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rarely or None of the Time (<1 Day) | Some or a Little of the Time (1–2 Days) | Occasionally or a Moderate Amount of Time (3–4 Days) | Most or All the Time (5–7 Days) | ||
1 | I was bothered by things that usually do not bother me. | | | | |
2 | I did not feel like eating; I had no appetite. | | | | |
3 | I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends. | | | | |
4 | I felt that I was just as good as other people. | | | | |
5 | I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. | | | | |
6 | I felt depressed. | | | | |
7 | I felt that everything I did was an effort. | | | | |
8 | I felt hopeful about the future. | | | | |
9 | I thought my life had been a failure. | | | | |
10 | I felt fearful. | | | | |
11 | My sleep was restless. | | | | |
12 | I was happy. | | | | |
13 | I talked less than usual | | | | |
14 | I felt lonely. | | | | |
15 | People were unfriendly. | | | | |
16 | I enjoyed life. | | | | |
17 | I had crying spells. | | | | |
18 | I felt sad. | | | | |
19 | I felt that people dislike me. | | | | |
20 | I could not get “going”. | | | | |
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Parameters | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
Athens Insomnia Scale (range 0 to 24) | 7.1 | 3.8 |
CES-D (range 0 to 33) | 8.4 | 5.4 |
Parameters | n | % |
School Year | ||
Freshmen | 24 | 14.3 |
Sophomore | 47 | 25 |
Junior | 38 | 20.2 |
Senior | 76 | 40.4 |
Gender | ||
Male | 95 | 50.5 |
Female | 93 | 49.46 |
Poses Smartphone | ||
Smartphone | 187 | 99.5 |
2G Phone | 1 | 0.5 |
None | <1 h | 1–2 h | 2–3 h | 3–4 h | 4–5 h | >5 years | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone Use | Number | 0 | 2 | 19 | 27 | 47 | 42 | 51 |
% | 0 | 1 | 10 | 14.3 | 25 | 22.3 | 27.1 | |
None | <30 min | 30 min–1 h | 1–2 h | >2 h | ||||
Number | 56 | 112 | 12 | 7 | 1 | |||
% | 29.7 | 59.5 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 0.5 | |||
Online Chatting | Number | 29 | 23 | 48 | - | - | ||
% | 15.4 | 12.2 | 25.5 | 0 | 0 | |||
Social Media | Number | 25 | 27 | 42 | 57 | 37 | ||
% | 13.2 | 14.3 | 22.3 | 30.3 | 19.6 | |||
Internet Browsing | Number | 4 | 51 | 67 | 40 | 26 | ||
% | 2.1 | 27.1 | 35.6 | 21.2 | 13.8 | |||
Playing Games | Number | 93 | 39 | 30 | 14 | 12 | ||
% | 49.4 | 20.7 | 15.9 | 7.4 | 6.3 | |||
Watching TV | Number | 33 | 45 | 49 | 50 | 11 | ||
% | 17.5 | 23.9 | 26 | 26.5 | 5.8 | |||
No problem | Problem | |||||||
Sleeping Disorders | 36.1% | 63.8% | ||||||
Depression | 47.8% | 52.1% |
Variables | Hours of Smartphone Use | Total | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 | 1 to <3 h | 3 to <5 h | ≥5 | ||||
Sleeping disorders | No Problem(%) | 50.0 | 39.1 | 37.1 | 31.4 | 36.2 | <0.378 |
Problem(%) | 50.0 | 60.9 | 62.9 | 68.6 | 63.8 | ||
Depression | No Problem(%) | 100.0 | 60.9 | 43.8 | 41.2 | 47.9 | <0.025 |
Problem(%) | 0.0 | 39.1 | 56.2 | 58.8 | 52.1 | ||
What is your gender? | Male(%) | 100.0 | 65.2 | 43.8 | 47.1 | 50.5 | <0.041 |
Female(%) | 0.0 | 34.8 | 56.2 | 52.9 | 49.5 | ||
Participating in club activities | Sport(%) | 50.0 | 19.6 | 19.1 | 19.6 | 19.7 | <0.968 |
Culture and Others(%) | 0.0 | 26.1 | 30.3 | 29.4 | 28.7 | ||
None(%) | 50.0 | 54.3 | 50.6 | 51.0 | 51.6 | ||
When do you go to bed? | Before 11 p.m.(%) | 0.0 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 5.9 | <0.000 |
Between 11 and Midnight(%) | 0.0 | 26.1 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 14.9 | ||
Between 12 and 1 a.m.(%) | 100 | 45.7 | 47.2 | 33.3 | 43.6 | ||
After 1 a.m.(%) | 0.0 | 19.6 | 33.7 | 54.9 | 35.6 | ||
When do you wake up? | Before 6 a.m.(%) | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 2.7 | <0.275 |
Between 6 and 7 a.m.(%) | 100 | 54.3 | 39.3 | 37.3 | 43.1 | ||
After 7 a.m.(%) | 0.0 | 39.1 | 60.7 | 58.8 | 54.3 | ||
How long do you sleep? | <5(%) | 0.0 | 8.7 | 2.2 | 7.8 | 5.3 | <0.000 |
5 to <6 h(%) | 50.0 | 39.1 | 39.3 | 35.3 | 38.3 | ||
6 to <7 h(%) | 50.0 | 37.0 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 40.4 | ||
≥7 h(%) | 0.0 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 16.0 | ||
Do you eat breakfast? | Always(%) | 50.0 | 41.3 | 14.6 | 17.6 | 22.3 | <0.031 |
Sometimes(%) | 50.0 | 21.7 | 49.4 | 39.2 | 39.9 | ||
Do not eat(%) | 0.0 | 37.0 | 36.0 | 43.1 | 37.8 | ||
Do you communicate with your family? | Always(%) | 50.0 | 56.5 | 69.7 | 66.7 | 65.4 | <0.275 |
Sometimes(%) | 50.0 | 43.5 | 30.3 | 33.3 | 34.6 |
Depression | Sleeping Disorder | Smartphone Use | SNS | Online Chatting | Internet Browsing | Game | TV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Correlation | 1 | 0.431 ** | 0.164 * | 0.059 | 0.179 * | 0.201 ** | 0.171 * | 0.125 | 0.138 |
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.420 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.019 | 0.088 | 0.059 | ||
Sleeping Disorder | Correlation | 1 | 0.065 | 0.004 | 0.030 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 0.075 | 0.055 | |
Sig. | 0.378 | 0.962 | 0.681 | 0.365 | 0.316 | 0.307 | 0.452 | |||
Smartphone Use | Correlation | 1 | 0.060 | 0.421** | 0.375** | 0.333** | 0.213 | 0.542 | ||
Sig. | 0.416 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.073 | 0.081 | ||||
Correlation | 1 | 0.161 | 0.183 | 0.179 | 0.071 | 0.137 | ||||
Sig. | 0.088 | 0.072 | 0.064 | 0.331 | 0.060 | |||||
SNS | Correlation | 1 | 0.225 | 0.018 | 0.201 | 0.261 | ||||
Sig. | 0.070 | 0.809 | 0.069 | 0.059 | ||||||
Online chatting | Correlation | 1 | 0.155 | 0.154 | 0.067 | |||||
Sig. | 0.063 | 0.054 | 0.359 | |||||||
Internet Browsing | Correlation | 1 | 0.238 | 0.094 | ||||||
Sig. | 0.081 | 0.199 | ||||||||
Gaming | Correlation | 1 | 0.157 | |||||||
Sig. | 0.057 | |||||||||
TV | Correlation | 1 | ||||||||
Sig. |
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Islam, M. Link between Excessive Smartphone Use and Sleeping Disorders and Depression among South Korean University Students. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091213
Islam M. Link between Excessive Smartphone Use and Sleeping Disorders and Depression among South Korean University Students. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091213
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Maidul. 2021. "Link between Excessive Smartphone Use and Sleeping Disorders and Depression among South Korean University Students" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091213
APA StyleIslam, M. (2021). Link between Excessive Smartphone Use and Sleeping Disorders and Depression among South Korean University Students. Healthcare, 9(9), 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091213