Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Insomnia Severity Index
2.2.2. Nomophobia Questionnaire
2.2.3. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS)
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Entire Sample (N = 1065–1098) | Sample Completing All Follow-Ups (n = 762–812) | Sample with One Lost Follow-Up (n = 79–108) | Sample with Two Lost Follow-Ups (n = 68–88) | Sample with Three Lost Follow-Ups (n = 91–110) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 15.55 (3.21)/N = 1098 | 15.44 (3.33)/n = 812 | 15.38 (3.78)/n = 98 | 15.51 (4.12)/n = 88 | 15.46 (3.29)/n = 100 |
Gender (Male) | 600 (54.6%)/N = 1098 | 443 (55.2%)/n = 802 | 52 (48.1%)/n = 108 | 49 (55.7%)/n = 88 | 56 (56.0%)/n = 100 |
Time on smartphone (hours/day) | 4.63 (2.88)/N = 1083 | 4.57 (2.69)/n = 801 | 4.66 (2.81)/n = 108 | 4.53 (2.66)/n = 68 | 4.51 (3.19)/n = 106 |
Time on social media (hours/day) | 3.71 (2.12)/N = 1078 | 3.68 (2.20)/n = 792 | 3.75 (2.39)/n = 106 | 3.60 (2.87)/n = 82 | 3.62 (2.70)/n = 98 |
Current smoker (No) | 906 (84.0%)/N = 1079 | 649 (82.9%)/n = 783 | 94 (87.0%)/n = 108 | 76 (86.4%)/n = 88 | 87 (87.0%)/n = 100 |
Father’s education years | 6.29 (2.91)/N = 1065 | 6.31 (2.48)/n = 795 | 6.33 (3.05)/n = 79 | 6.25 (2.89)/n = 83 | 6.30 (2.91)/n = 108 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.34 (3.11)/N = 1065 | 21.28 (2.70)/n = 762 | 21.12 (2.77)/n = 108 | 21.01 (2.69)/n = 85 | 21.37 (2.48)/n = 110 |
Mean (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | |
Nomophobia | 76.81 (11.71) | 75.50 (10.15) | 75.73 (11.21) | 76.17 (12.36) |
Addictive use of social media | 14.55 (5.08) | 13.96 (5.15) | 14.53 (5.24) | 14.60 (5.11) |
Insomnia | 8.53 (5.44) | 8.12 (4.29) | 8.47 (4.84) | 8.66 (4.96) |
N (%) a | ||||
Nomophobia | 533 (48.5%) | 576 (53.9%) | 571 (54.2%) | 553 (52.1%) |
Addictive use of social media | 234 (21.3%) | 226 (21.2%) | 221 (21.0%) | 240 (22.6%) |
Insomnia | 451 (41.1%) | 419 (39.2%) | 427 (40.5%) | 462 (43.5%) |
r | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NMP-Q_T1 | NMQ-Q_T2 | NMP-Q_T3 | NMP-Q_T4 | BSMAS_T1 | BSMAS_T2 | BSMAS_T3 | BSMAS_T4 | ISI_T1 | ISI_T2 | ISI_T3 | ISI_T4 | |
NMP-Q_T1 | -- | |||||||||||
NMP-Q_T2 | 0.857 | -- | ||||||||||
NMP-Q_T3 | 0.782 | 0.638 | -- | |||||||||
NMP-Q_T4 | 0.627 | 0.750 | 0.744 | -- | ||||||||
BSMAS_T1 | 0.571 | 0.526 | 0.467 | 0.535 | -- | |||||||
BSMAS_T2 | 0.526 | 0.599 | 0.416 | 0.508 | 0.872 | -- | ||||||
BSMAS_T3 | 0.489 | 0.442 | 0.605 | 0.485 | 0.842 | 0.723 | -- | |||||
BSMAS_T4 | 0.561 | 0.517 | 0.453 | 0.614 | 0.728 | 0.831 | 0.776 | -- | ||||
ISI_T1 | 0.301 | 0.271 | 0.241 | 0.288 | 0.351 | 0.309 | 0.277 | 0.320 | -- | |||
ISI_T2 | 0.289 | 0.366 | 0.226 | 0.270 | 0.318 | 0.310 | 0.239 | 0.284 | 0.787 | -- | ||
ISI_T3 | 0.253 | 0.218 | 0.355 | 0.237 | 0.300 | 0.256 | 0.345 | 0.269 | 0.790 | 0.777 | -- | |
ISI_T4 | 0.304 | 0.285 | 0.266 | 0.362 | 0.371 | 0.332 | 0.284 | 0.437 | 0.779 | 0.736 | 0.760 | -- |
Effects of NMP-Q on ISI | Effects of BSMAS on ISI | Effects of NMP-Q and BSMAS Simultaneously on ISI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p (95%CI) | B | SE | p (95%CI) | B | SE | p (95%CI) | |
Time | 0.12 ** | 0.04 | 0.003 (0.04, 0.20) | 0.19 *** | 0.05 | <0.001 (0.09, 0.29) | 0.12 ** | 0.04 | 0.003 (0.04, 0.20) |
NMP-Q | 0.20 *** | 0.007 | <0.001 (0.19, 0.21) | -- | -- | -- | 0.20 *** | 0.007 | <0.001 (0.19, 0.21) |
BSMAS | -- | -- | -- | 0.49 *** | 0.01 | <0.001 (0.47, 0.51) | 0.42 *** | 0.05 | <0.001 (0.32, 0.52) |
Age | 0.36 ** | 0.12 | 0.003 (0.12, 0.60) | 0.31 ** | 0.10 | 0.002 (0.11, 0.51) | 0.32 ** | 0.12 | 0.008 (0.08, 0.056) |
Gender (Ref: female) | −0.90 ** | 0.30 | 0.003 (−1.49, −0.31) | −0.63 ** | 0.24 | 0.009 (−1.10, −0.16) | −0.84 * | 0.33 | 0.011 (−1.49, −0.19) |
Father’s education | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.32 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.55 (−0.07, 0.13) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.62 (−0.03, 0.05) |
NMP-Q × Time | 0.05 *** | 0.009 | <0.001 (0.03, 0.07) | -- | -- | -- | 0.04 *** | 0.009 | <0.001 (0.02, 0.06) |
BSMAS × Time | -- | -- | -- | 0.13 *** | 0.03 | <0.001 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.10 *** | 0.003 | <0.001 (0.09, 0.11) |
Intercept | 1.92 *** | 0.12 | <0.001 (1.68, 2.16) | 3.35 *** | 0.62 | <0.001 (2.13, 4.57) | 1.81 *** | 0.15 | <0.001 (1.52, 2.10) |
(adolescents) | 19.34 *** | 0.85 | <0.001 (17.67, 21.01) | 19.44 *** | 0.84 | <0.001 (17.79, 21.09) | 20.05 *** | 0.51 | <0.001 (19.05, 21.05) |
(School) | 2.19 *** | 0.05 | <0.001 (2.09, 2.29) | 1.44 *** | 0.04 | <0.001 (1.36, 1.52) | 2.34 *** | 0.06 | <0.001 (2.22, 2.46) |
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Lin, C.-Y.; Potenza, M.N.; Ulander, M.; Broström, A.; Ohayon, M.M.; Chattu, V.K.; Pakpour, A.H. Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201
Lin C-Y, Potenza MN, Ulander M, Broström A, Ohayon MM, Chattu VK, Pakpour AH. Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chung-Ying, Marc N. Potenza, Martin Ulander, Anders Broström, Maurice M. Ohayon, Vijay Kumar Chattu, and Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201
APA StyleLin, C.-Y., Potenza, M. N., Ulander, M., Broström, A., Ohayon, M. M., Chattu, V. K., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents. Healthcare, 9(9), 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201