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Volume 12
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Article

Association of Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Severity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals of the Al-Qunfudhah Region of Saudi Arabia

by
Mohammad Asrar Izhari
1,*,
Mansoor A. A. Hadadi
1,2,
Raed A. Alharbi
1,
Ahmed R. A. Gosady
3,
Abdulmajeed Abdulghani A. Sindi
4,
Daifallah M. M. Dardari
3,
Foton E. Alotaibi
5,
Faisal Klufah
1,
Mohammad A Albanghali
6 and
Tahani H Alharbi
1
1
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
2
Laboratory Department, Qunfudhah Hospital, Al-Qunfudhah 28887, Saudi Arabia
3
Laboratory Department, Baish General Hospital, Jazan 87597, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Genetic Counseling, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070729
Submission received: 9 February 2024 / Revised: 22 March 2024 / Accepted: 22 March 2024 / Published: 27 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Trends in Infectious Diseases)
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Abstract

Background: Identifying prognosticators/predictors of COVID-19 severity is the principal focus for early prediction and effective management of the disease in a time-bound and cost-effective manner. We aimed to evaluate COVID-19 severity-dependent alteration in inflammatory and coagulopathy biomarkers. Methods: A hospital-dependent retrospective observational study (total: n = 377; male, n = 213; and female, n = 164 participants) was undertaken. COVID-19 exposure was assessed by performing real-time PCR on nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for both continuous and categorical variables using Rstudio-version-4.0.2. Pearson correlation and regression were executed with a cut-off of p < 0.05 for evaluating significance. Data representation by R-packages and ggplot2. Results: A significant variation in the mean ± SD (highly-sever (HS)/moderately severe (MS)) of CRP (HS/MS: 102.4 ± 22.9/21.3 ± 6.9, p-value < 0.001), D-dimer (HS/MS: 661.1 ± 80.6/348.7 ± 42.9, p-value < 0.001), and ferritin (HS/MS: 875.8 ± 126.8/593.4 ± 67.3, p-value < 0.001) were observed. Thrombocytopenia, high PT, and PTT exhibited an association with the HS individuals (p < 0.001). CRP was correlated with neutrophil (r = 0.77), ferritin (r = 0.74), and WBC (r = 0.8). D-dimer correlated with platelets (r = −0.82), PT (r = 0.22), and PTT (r = 0.37). The adjusted odds ratios (Ad-OR) of CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, platelet, PT, and PTT for HS compared to MS were 1.30 (95% CI −1.137, 1.50; p < 0.001), 1.048 (95% CI −1.03, 1.066; p < 0.001), 1.3 (95% CI −1.24, 1.49, p > 0.05), −0.813 (95% CI −0.734, 0.899, p < 0.001), 1.347 (95% CI −1.15, 1.57, p < 0.001), and 1.234 (95% CI −1.16, 1.314, p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 caused alterations in vital laboratory parameters and raised ferritin, CRP, and D-dimer presented an association with disease severity at a significant level.
Keywords: regression; SARS-CoV-2; PTT; severity; CRP; odds ratio; D-dimer; ferritin; PT regression; SARS-CoV-2; PTT; severity; CRP; odds ratio; D-dimer; ferritin; PT

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MDPI and ACS Style

Izhari, M.A.; Hadadi, M.A.A.; Alharbi, R.A.; Gosady, A.R.A.; Sindi, A.A.A.; Dardari, D.M.M.; Alotaibi, F.E.; Klufah, F.; Albanghali, M.A.; Alharbi, T.H. Association of Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Severity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals of the Al-Qunfudhah Region of Saudi Arabia. Healthcare 2024, 12, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070729

AMA Style

Izhari MA, Hadadi MAA, Alharbi RA, Gosady ARA, Sindi AAA, Dardari DMM, Alotaibi FE, Klufah F, Albanghali MA, Alharbi TH. Association of Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Severity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals of the Al-Qunfudhah Region of Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2024; 12(7):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070729

Chicago/Turabian Style

Izhari, Mohammad Asrar, Mansoor A. A. Hadadi, Raed A. Alharbi, Ahmed R. A. Gosady, Abdulmajeed Abdulghani A. Sindi, Daifallah M. M. Dardari, Foton E. Alotaibi, Faisal Klufah, Mohammad A Albanghali, and Tahani H Alharbi. 2024. "Association of Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Severity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals of the Al-Qunfudhah Region of Saudi Arabia" Healthcare 12, no. 7: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070729

APA Style

Izhari, M. A., Hadadi, M. A. A., Alharbi, R. A., Gosady, A. R. A., Sindi, A. A. A., Dardari, D. M. M., Alotaibi, F. E., Klufah, F., Albanghali, M. A., & Alharbi, T. H. (2024). Association of Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Severity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals of the Al-Qunfudhah Region of Saudi Arabia. Healthcare, 12(7), 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070729

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