Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Institutional Review Board Statement
2.3. Social Development Index
- Quality and available space in the home (QASH): The quality of housing is measured by the type of flooring, and the amount of living space is indicated by the number of people per bedroom, with two being the standard.
- Educational access (EduAcc): This indicator measures the proportion of people aged 18–59 who have completed secondary school or have received 13 years of schooling, which is considered a minimum standard for well-being.
- Access to social security and/or medical services (ASSMS): This indicator measures the coverage of any of the Mexican health systems.
- Durable goods (DGd): This indicator measures possession of material goods whose value is equal to or greater than 17.81 USD, or possession of at least three items such as a television, gas stove, computer, refrigerator, or washing machine.
- Sanitary adequacy (SAd): This indicator measures the availability of a water supply, toilet facilities, and access to a drainage system.
- Electricity access (EAcc): This indicator measures whether or not there is adequate access to electricity.
Indicators | Abbreviation | Weigh |
---|---|---|
Quality and available | QASH | 0.338 |
space in the home | ||
Educational access | EduAcc | 0.244 |
Access to social security | ASSMS | 0.291 |
and/or medical services | ||
Durable goods | DGd | 0.060 |
Sanitary adequacy | SAd | 0.038 |
Electricity access | EAcc | 0.029 |
Value | Level |
---|---|
<0.7000 | Very low |
0.7001–0.8000 | Low |
0.8001–0.9000 | Medium |
>0.9001 | High |
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Self-Reported Oral Health
3.2.1. Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions
3.2.2. Self-Reported Dental Treatment, Oral Hygiene, and Ability to Chew
3.3. Associations of Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions
4. Discussion
4.1. General Findings
4.2. Implications for Health Policy
4.3. Limitations of the Present Study
4.4. Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire & Regression Variable Tables
Abbreviation | Measurement | ||
---|---|---|---|
Group of Variable | Variable Name | (Variable Name) | Scale |
Periodontal conditions | In the past three months, have you noticed a tooth that doesn’t seem to look good? | Tooth does not look right | 0. No 1. Yes |
Have you noticed if you have any loose teeth? | Loose tooth | 0. No 1. Yes | |
How many loose teeth do you have? | Number loose teeth | Number | |
Have you ever had a loose tooth that you lost later? | Loose tooth later | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Have you ever lost any teeth without an injury? | Lost tooth | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Do you think you may have gum disease? | Gum disease | 0. No 1. Yes | |
During the past year, have you had bleeding gums when you brush your teeth? | Bleeding gums | 0. No 1. Yes | |
During the last year, have your gums been injured or infected? | Gum infected | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Do you have bad breath? | Bad breath | 0. No 1. Yes | |
During the last year, have you had abscessed teeth? | Abscessed teeth | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Has a dentist ever told you that you have bone loss around your teeth? | Bone loss | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Dental treatment | Did you receive dental care in the last 12 months? | Dental care | 0. No 1. Yes |
Have you had an implant placed? | Implant placed | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Have you ever had a gum treatment such as scraping or root planing, which is sometimes referred to as deep cleaning? | Gum treatment | 0. No 1. Yes |
Abbreviation | Measurement | ||
---|---|---|---|
Group of Variable | Variable Name | (Variable Name) | Scale |
Oral hygiene | Do you usually brush your teeth? | Brush your teeth | 0. No 1. Yes |
How many times per day do you brush your teeth? | Times brush teeth | Times | |
Do you brush your teeth before bed? | Brush before bed | 0. No 1. Yes | |
Do you usually floss after brushing your teeth? | Floss use after | 0. No 1. Yes | |
In addition to brushing your teeth, in the past seven days, how many times have you flossed between your teeth? | Times floss use | Times | |
In addition to brushing your teeth, in the past seven days, how many times have you used a mouthwash or other liquid product to treat dental disease or problems? | Times mouthwash use | Times | |
Ability to chew | How satisfied are you with your ability to chew food? | Satisfaction level | 0. Very satisfied |
1. Satisfied | |||
2. Unsatisfied | |||
3. Very unsatisfied |
Dependent Variables | Type | Idependent Variables | Type |
---|---|---|---|
Loose tooth | Dichotomous | Sex | Dichotomous |
Lost tooth later | Dichotomous | COVID-19 | Dichotomous |
Bone loss | Dichotomous | Smoking | Dichotomous |
Bleeding gums | Dichotomous | Physical activity low | Dichotomous |
Gum disease | Dichotomous | Physical activity moderate | Dichotomous |
Gum infected | Dichotomous | Physical activity high | Dichotomous |
Sleep quality | Dichotomous | ||
Metabolic syndrome | Dichotomous | ||
Received periodontal care | Dichotomous | ||
Dental care | Dichotomous | ||
Brush your teeth | Dichotomous | ||
Brush before bed | Dichotomous | ||
Floss use after | Dichotomous | ||
Very unsatisfied with ability to chew | Dichotomous | ||
Unsatisfied with ability to chew | Dichotomous | ||
Satisfied with ability to chew | Dichotomous | ||
Very satisfied with ability to chew | Dichotomous | ||
Age | Continuous | ||
Body mass index | Continuous | ||
Systolic blood pressure | Continuous | ||
Diastolic blood pressure | Continuous | ||
SDI global | Continuous | ||
Educational access | Continuous | ||
Quality and available | |||
space in the home | Continuous | ||
Durable goods | Continuous | ||
Access to social security | |||
and/or medical services | Continuous | ||
Sanitary adequacy | Continuous | ||
Electricity access | Continuous | ||
Times floss use | Continuous | ||
Times mouthwash use | Continuous |
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Sociomedical Features | Very Low (n = 134) | Low (n = 462) | Medium (n = 305) | High (n = 393) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female * | 61.94 | 64.72 | 65.25 | 66.67 | 0.790 |
Male * | 38.06 | 35.28 | 34.75 | 33.33 | |
Age, years ** | 40 (32–48) | 43 (33–50) | 43 (35–50) | 45 (36–51) | <0.05 |
Elementary school * | 0.74 | 0.22 | 0.66 | 0.25 | 0.545 |
Middle school * | 11.94 | 5.19 | 4.92 | 2.54 | <0.001 |
High school * | 40.30 | 36.80 | 29.18 | 21.12 | <0.001 |
University studies * | 38.81 | 47.62 | 50.82 | 52.42 | <0.001 |
Postgraduate * | 8.20 | 10.17 | 14.42 | 23.66 | 0.031 |
COVID-19 * | 21.64 | 24.89 | 19.02 | 13.99 | <0.001 |
Smoking * | 18.66 | 22.29 | 16.72 | 17.05 | 0.852 |
MetS diagnostic * | 6.72 | 4.33 | 3.61 | 4.58 | 0.543 |
Physical activity (Low) * | 16.42 | 19.70 | 19.34 | 17.05 | 0.677 |
Physical activity (Moderate) * | 50 | 46.10 | 44.92 | 48.85 | 0.636 |
Physical activity (High) * | 33.58 | 34.20 | 35.74 | 34.10 | 0.959 |
Sleep quality (Bad) * | 38.81 | 46.54 | 44.26 | 47.84 | 0.299 |
Oral Health Features | Very Low (n = 134) | Low (n = 462) | Medium (n = 305) | High (n = 393) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Periodontal conditions | |||||
Tooth does not look right * | 38.06 | 31.60 | 33.44 | 30.28 | <0.001 |
Loose tooth * | 11.19 | 9.09 | 10.16 | 10.18 | 0.885 |
Loose tooth later * | 8.21 | 5.63 | 6.56 | 6.87 | 0.725 |
Lost tooth * | 44.78 | 41.77 | 40.66 | 40.97 | 0.864 |
Gum disease * | 19.40 | 25.54 | 31.80 | 25.45 | <0.05 |
Bleeding gums * | 48.51 | 52.38 | 50.82 | 47.84 | <0.001 |
Gum infected * | 16.42 | 20.56 | 19.67 | 22.14 | <0.05 |
Bad breath * | 23.13 | 25.97 | 27.54 | 21.88 | <0.001 |
Abscessed teeth * | 14.93 | 15.80 | 12.13 | 12.47 | <0.001 |
Bone loss * | 8.96 | 9.09 | 13.44 | 14.50 | <0.05 |
Dental treatment | |||||
Dental care * | 45.52 | 52.38 | 50.16 | 54.20 | 0.333 |
Implant placed * | 14.18 | 11.47 | 15.08 | 12.98 | 0.517 |
Gum treatment * | 17.16 | 22.73 | 25.25 | 21.88 | <0.05 |
Oral hygiene | |||||
Brush your teeth * | 98.51 | 97.62 | 97.38 | 97.96 | 0.881 |
Times brush teeth ** | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.061 |
Brush before bed * | 76.12 | 78.14 | 80.33 | 86.26 | <0.05 |
Floss use after * | 6.72 | 16.23 | 20.33 | 20.61 | 0.259 |
Times floss use ** | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–4) | <0.001 |
Times mouthwash use ** | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0.240 |
Ability to chew | |||||
(Satisfaction level) | |||||
Very unsatisfied * | 2.24 | 1.30 | 1.97 | 0.76 | 0.160 |
Unsatisfied * | 8.96 | 9.96 | 9.51 | 8.40 | 0.032 |
Satisfied * | 55.97 | 55.19 | 47.87 | 57 | <0.001 |
Very Satisfied * | 32.84 | 33.55 | 40.66 | 33.84 | <0.001 |
Variables | Estimate | OR (95% C.I.) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −3.443 | 0.032 (−4.955, −1.982) | 5.47 |
SDI global | 1.985 | 7.276 (0.258, 3.744) | 0.025 |
Physical activity (Low) † | −0.683 | 0.505 (−1.248, −0.159) | 0.013 |
Physical activity (Moderate) † | −0.535 | 0.586 (−0.913, −0.159) | 0.005 |
Times floss use | 0.076 | 1.079 (0.034, 0.118) | 3.3 |
Satisfaction level (Unsatisfied) ‡ | 0.736 | 2.088 (0.231, 1.219) | 0.003 |
Satisfaction level (Very satisfied) ‡ | −0.734 | 0.480 (−1.187, −0.306) | 0.001 |
Satisfaction level (Very Unsatisfied) ‡ | 1.770 | 5.869 (0.742, 2.759) | 4.75 |
Variables | Estimate | OR (95% C.I.) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −2.750 | 0.064 (−3.676, −1.851) | 3.34 |
QASH | 1.299 | 3.666 (0.145, 2.460) | 0.028 |
Physical activity (low) † | −0.681 | 0.506 (−1.246, −0.157) | 0.014 |
Physical activity (moderate) † | −0.535 | 0.586 (−0.914, −0.160) | 0.005 |
Times floss use | 0.077 | 1.080 (0.034, 0.118) | 3.14 |
Satisfaction level (unsatisfied) ‡ | 0.737 | 2.090 (0.232, 1.220) | 0.003 |
Satisfaction level (very satisfied) ‡ | −0.732 | 0.480 (−1.186, −0.304) | 0.001 |
Satisfaction level (very unsatisfied) ‡ | 1.766 | 5.847 (0.739, 2.754) | 4.88 |
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Martínez-García, M.; Rodríguez-Hernández, A.-P.; Gutiérrez-Esparza, G.O.; Castrejón-Pérez, R.C.; Hernández-Lemus, E.; Borges-Yáñez, S.A. Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111548
Martínez-García M, Rodríguez-Hernández A-P, Gutiérrez-Esparza GO, Castrejón-Pérez RC, Hernández-Lemus E, Borges-Yáñez SA. Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions. Healthcare. 2023; 11(11):1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111548
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-García, Mireya, Adriana-Patricia Rodríguez-Hernández, Guadalupe O. Gutiérrez-Esparza, Roberto Carlos Castrejón-Pérez, Enrique Hernández-Lemus, and Socorro Aída Borges-Yáñez. 2023. "Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions" Healthcare 11, no. 11: 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111548