The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Depression in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Data Extraction and Coing
2.4. Evaluation of the Risk of Bias
2.4.1. Measure of Effect
2.4.2. Heterogeneity
2.4.3. Publication Bias
2.4.4. Subgroup Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterisitcs of Included Studies
3.2. Homogeneity Test
3.3. Risk of Bias
3.4. Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions
3.5. Publication Bias
3.6. Subgroup Analysis and Meta-Regression
3.6.1. Age Group
3.6.2. Depression Severity
3.6.3. Frequency
3.6.4. Intensity
3.6.5. Duration
3.6.6. Time
3.6.7. Type
4. Discussion
Limitation and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Database | Search History |
---|---|
NAL | ‘depressive disorder’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘depression’ [Title (Partial Match)] AND ‘effectiveness’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘intervention’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘randomized’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘controlled trial’ [Title (Partial Match)] AND ‘physical activity’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘exercise’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘sport’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘leisure’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘physical exertion’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘aerobic’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘resistance’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘mixed’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘mind-body’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘yoga’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘running’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘walking’ [Title (Partial Match)] OR ‘bicycling’ [Title (Partial Match)] |
RISS | ‘depressive disorder’ [Keyword] OR ‘depression’ [Keyword] AND ‘effectiveness’ [Keyword] OR ‘intervention’ [Keyword] OR ‘randomized’ [Keyword] OR ‘controlled trial’ [Keyword] AND ‘physical activity’ [Keyword] OR ‘exercise’ [Keyword] OR ‘sport’ [Keyword] OR ‘leisure’ [Keyword] OR ‘physical exertion’ [Keyword] OR ‘aerobic’ [Keyword] OR ‘resistance’ [Keyword] OR ‘mixed’ [Keyword] OR ‘mind-body’ [Keyword] OR ‘yoga’ [Keyword] OR ‘running’ [Keyword] OR ‘walking’ [Keyword] OR ‘bicycling’ [Keyword] |
KISS | ‘depressive disorder’ [Keyword] OR ‘depression’ [Keyword] AND ‘effectiveness’ [Keyword] OR ‘intervention’ [Keyword] OR ‘randomized’ [Keyword] OR ‘controlled trial’ [Keyword] AND ‘physical activity’ [Keyword] OR ‘exercise’ [Keyword] OR ‘sport’ [Keyword] OR ‘leisure’ [Keyword] OR ‘physical exertion’ [Keyword] OR ‘aerobic’ [Keyword] OR ‘resistance’ [Keyword] OR ‘mixed’ [Keyword] OR ‘mind-body’ [Keyword] OR ‘yoga’ [Keyword] OR ‘running’ [Keyword] OR ‘walking’ [Keyword] OR ‘bicycling’ [Keyword] |
KERIS | ‘depressive disorder’ [Keyword] OR ‘depression’ [Keyword] AND ‘effectiveness’ [Keyword] OR ‘intervention’ [Keyword] OR ‘randomized’ [Keyword] OR ‘controlled trial’ [Keyword] AND ‘physical activity’ [Keyword] OR ‘exercise’ [Keyword] OR ‘sport’ [Keyword] OR ‘leisure’ [Keyword] OR ‘physical exertion’ [Keyword] OR ‘aerobic’ [Keyword] OR ‘resistance’ [Keyword] OR ‘mixed’ [Keyword] OR ‘mind-body’ [Keyword] OR ‘yoga’ [Keyword] OR ‘running’ [Keyword] OR ‘walking’ [Keyword] OR ‘bicycling’ [Keyword] |
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Research Characteristics | Participant Characteristics | PA Characteristics | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | N | M Age | Severity | Frequency | Intensity | Time | Type | Duration | ||
I | C | I | C | ||||||||
Kim | (1995) | 17 | 18 | 50.17 | 50.17 | Mild | 3 | - | - | Aerobic | 6 |
Seo | (2003) | 21 | 21 | - | - | Severe | 3 | Mod | 60 | Aerobic | 12 |
Lim et al. | (2016) | 14 | 15 | 13.3 | 13.3 | Severe | 3 | Mod | 60 | Mixed | 15 |
Bang et al. | (2016) | 18 | 27 | 42.22 | 37.37 | Severe | 2 | Mod | 10 | Mixed | 6 |
Lee | (2018) | 10 | 10 | 68.5 | 68.5 | Mild | 2 | - | 30 | Mixed | 10 |
Jang et al. | (2015) | 14 | 14 | 46.21 | 51.93 | Severe | 3 | Progressive | 60 | Mixed | 12 |
Kim & Kim | (2020) | 11 | 11 | 65 | 65 | Normal | 3 | Mod-Vig | 60 | Aerobic | 12 |
So et al. | (2009) | 25 | 25 | 23.22 | 25 | Severe | 2 | Mod-Vig | 75 | Resistance | 14 |
Kim et al. | (2013) | 50 | 50 | 70.2 | 69.5 | Mild | 3 | Low | 40 | - | 10 |
So et al. | (2010) | 18 | 18 | 63.1 | 65.4 | Normal | 2 | Low | 60 | Aerobic | 12 |
Son et al. | (2015) | 16 | 16 | 72.2 | 73.8 | Normal | 2 | Mod-Vig | 40 | Resistance | 12 |
Choi | (2001) | 23 | 21 | 43.52 | 43.95 | Normal | 2 | Mod | 40 | Mixed | 8 |
Moon | (2006) | 27 | 19 | - | - | Normal | 3 | Low | 60 | Aerobic | 6 |
Ahn et al. | (2015) | 31 | 31 | 54 | 53 | Normal | 3 | - | 20 | Resistance | 8 |
Ahn & Park | (2006) | 11 | 10 | 34 | 32 | Mild | 2 | - | 35 | Mind-body | 6 |
Song & Park | (2001) | 30 | 30 | 53 | 43.5 | Severe | 7 | Low | 20 | Mind-body | 2 |
Kim et al. | (2013) | 17 | 22 | 79.5 | 75.9 | Mild | 2 | Low | 60 | Mind-body | 24 |
Jung et al. | (2016) | 8 | 8 | 71.75 | 72.75 | Mild | 3 | - | 50 | Mind-body | 12 |
Subgroup Analysis | K | SMD | 95% CI | Heterogeneity | Test for Subgroup Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | X2 = 12.12, df = 2, p = 0.002 ** | ||||
Mean age < 18 | 1 | −0.868 | −1.635 to −0.101 | NA | |
Mean age > 18 < 65 | 10 | 0.682 | 0.200 to 1.165 | X2 = 43.87, df = 9 (p = 0.000); I2 = 82.16% | |
Mean age > 65 | 6 | 0.650 | −0.105 to 1.405 | X2 = 27.22, df = 5 (p = 0.000); I2 = 84.05% | |
Depression symptom severity | X2 = 2.69, df = 2, p = 0.261 | ||||
Mild | 6 | 1.011 | 0.350 to 1.672 | X2 = 25.80, df = 5 (p = 0.000); I2 = 81.93% | |
Moderate | 6 | 0.397 | −0.225 to 1.020 | X2 = 19.94, df = 5 (p = 0.001); I2 = 77.95% | |
Severe | 6 | 0.277 | −0.415 to 0.969 | X2 = 25.36, df = 5 (p = 0.002); I2 = 85.87% | |
Frequency | X2 = 2.47, df = 2, p = 0.291 | ||||
2 | 8 | 0.721 | 0.119 to 1.323 | X2 = 39.20, df = 7 (p = 0.000); I2 = 82.54% | |
3 | 9 | 0.477 | −0.108 to 1.062 | X2 = 40.22, df = 8 (p = 0.000); I2 = 85.85% | |
7 | 1 | −0.403 | 0.610 | NA | |
Intensity | X2 = 5.66, df = 3, p = 0.129 | ||||
Low | 5 | 0.655 | −0.041 to 1.352 | X2 = 24.51, df = 4 (p = 0.000); I2 = 86.66% | |
Moderate | 4 | 0.550 | −0.687 to 1.786 | X2 = 32.92, df = 3 (p = 0.000); I2 = 92.41% | |
Moderate-Vigorous | 3 | 0.674 | −0.430 to 1.779 | X2 = 11.83, df = 2 (p = 0.003); I2 = 84.99% | |
Progressive | 1 | 1.926 | 1.007 to 2.845 | NA | |
Time | X2 = 4.31, df = 2, p = 0.116 | ||||
1–30 min | 4 | 0.309 | 0.018 to 0.600 | X2 = 2.532, df = 3 (p = 0.470); I2 = 0.00 | |
31–60 min | 8 | 0.770 | 0.014 to 1.525 | X2 = 47.25, df = 7 (p = 0.000); I2 = 86.03% | |
61–90 min | 1 | −0.184 | −0.740 to 0.372 | NA | |
Type | X2 = 1.78, df = 3, p = 0.619 | ||||
Aerobic | 5 | 0.655 | 0.047 to 1.264 | X2 = 13.93, df = 4 (p = 0.008); I2 = 73.74% | |
Resistance | 3 | 0.228 | −0.207 to 0.663 | X2 = 3.380, df = 2 (p = 0.184); I2 = 40.43% | |
Mind-body | 4 | 0.527 | −0.439 to 1.493 | X2 = 18.28, df = 3 (p = 0.000); I2 = 84.48% | |
Mixed | 5 | 0.789 | −0.340 to 1.918 | X2 = 40.20, df = 4 (p = 0.000); I2 = 90.56% | |
Duration | X2 = 11.48, df = 2, p = 0.003 ** | ||||
1–8 weeks | 7 | 0.738 | 0.210 to 1.266 | X2 = 26.44, df = 6 (p = 0.000); I2 = 79.51% | |
9–16 weeks | 10 | 0.291 | −0.220 to 0.801 | X2 = 35.58, df = 9 (p = 0.000); I2 = 81.58% | |
More than 24 weeks | 1 | 1.890 | 1.118 to 2.662 | NA |
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Lee, Y.H.; Kim, H.; Cho, H. The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Depression in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101886
Lee YH, Kim H, Cho H. The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Depression in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101886
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ye Hoon, Hyungsook Kim, and Heetae Cho. 2022. "The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Depression in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101886