1. Introduction
Contact geometry has garnered increasing interest due to its significant role in physics, e.g., ref. [
1]. An important class of contact metric manifolds are
K-contact manifolds (thus, the structural vector field is Killing) with the following two subclasses: Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds. Every cosymplectic manifold is locally the product of
and a Kähler manifold. A Riemannian manifold
with contact 1-form
is Sasakian if its Riemannian cone
with metric
is a Kähler manifold. Recent research has been driven by the intriguing question of how Ricci solitons—self-similar solutions of the Ricci flow equation—can be significant for the geometry of contact metric manifolds. Some studies have explored the conditions under which a contact metric manifold equipped with a Ricci-type soliton structure carries a canonical metric, such as an Einstein-type metric, e.g., refs. [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6].
An
f-structure introduced by K. Yano on a smooth manifold
serves as a higher-dimensional analog of almost complex structures (
) and almost contact structures (
). This structure is defined by a (1,1)-tensor
f of rank
, such that
, see [
7,
8,
9]. The tangent bundle splits into two complementary subbundles as follows:
. The restriction of
f to the
-dimensional distribution
defines a complex structure. The existence of the
f-structure on
is equivalent to a reduction of the structure group to
, see [
10]. A submanifold
M of an almost complex manifold
that satisfies the condition
naturally possesses an
f-structure, see [
11]. An
f-structure is a special case of an almost product structure, defined by two complementary orthogonal distributions of a Riemannian manifold
, with Naveira’s 36 distinguished classes, see [
12]. Foliations appear when one or both distributions are involutive. An interesting case occurs when the subbundle
is parallelizable, leading to a framed
f-structure for which the reduced structure group is
. In this scenario, there exist vector fields
spanning
with dual 1-forms
, satisfying
. Compatible metrics, i.e.,
, exist on any framed
f-manifold, and we obtain the metric
f-structure, see [
7,
8,
9,
10,
13,
14,
15,
16].
To generalize concepts and results from almost contact geometry to metric
f-manifolds, geometers have introduced and studied various broad classes of metric
f-structures. A notable class is Kenmotsu
f-manifolds, see [
17] (Kenmotsu manifolds when
, see [
18]), characterized in terms of warped products of
and a Kähler manifold. A metric
f-manifold is termed a
-manifold if it is normal and
, where
. Two important subclasses of
-manifolds are
-manifolds if
and
-manifolds if
for any
i, see [
10]. Omitting the normality condition, we obtain almost
-manifolds, almost
-manifolds and almost
-manifolds, e.g., refs. [
19,
20,
21]. The distribution
of a
-manifold is tangent to a
-foliation with flat totally geodesic leaves. An
f-K-contact manifold is an almost
-manifold, whose characteristic vector fields are Killing vector fields; the structure is an intermediate between an almost
-structure and
S-structure, see [
15,
22]. Note that there are no Einstein metrics on
f-K-contact manifolds. The interest of geometers in
f-structures is also motivated by the study of the dynamics of contact foliations. Contact foliations generalize, to higher dimensions, the flow of the Reeb vector field on contact manifolds, and
-structures are a particular case of uniform contact structures, see [
23,
24].
Extrinsic geometry is concerned with the properties of submanifolds (as being totally geodesic) that depend on the second fundamental form, which, roughly speaking, describes how the submanifolds are located in the ambient Riemannian manifold. The extrinsic geometry of foliations (i.e., involutive distributions) is a field of Riemannian geometry which studies the properties expressed by the second fundamental tensor of the leaves. Although the Riemann tensor belongs to the field of intrinsic geometry, a special component called mixed sectional curvature is a part of the extrinsic geometry of foliations. Totally geodesic foliations have simple extrinsic geometry and appear on manifolds with degenerate tensor fields, see [
25]. A key problem posed in this context in [
7] is identifying suitable structures on manifolds that lead to totally geodesic foliations.
In [
26], we initiated the study of weak
f-structures on a smooth
-dimensional manifold, that is, the linear complex structure on the subbundle
of a metric
f-structure is replaced with a nonsingular skew-symmetric tensor. These generalize the metric
f-structure (the weak almost contact metric structure for
, see [
27]) and its satellites allow us to look at classical theory in a new way and find new applications of Killing, totally geodesic foliations, Einstein-type metrics, and Ricci-type solitons.
The article reviews the results of our works [
25,
26,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32] regarding the geometry of weak metric
f-manifolds and their distinguished classes. It is organized as follows.
Section 2 (following the Introduction) presents the basics of weak metric
f-manifolds and introduces their important subclasses. It also investigates the normality condition and derives the covariant derivative of
f using a new tensor
, showing that the distribution
of a weak almost
-manifold and a weak almost
-manifold is tangent to a
-foliation with an abelian Lie algebra.
Section 3 presents the basic characteristics of weak almost
-manifolds and shows that these manifolds are endowed with totally geodesic foliations.
Section 4 discusses weak
-structures and shows that the weak metric
f-structure is a weak
-structure if and only if it is an
-structure.
Section 5 characterizes weak
f-K-contact manifolds among all weak almost
-manifolds by the property known for
f-K-contact manifolds, and presents the sufficient conditions under which a Riemannian manifold endowed with a set of unit Killing vector fields is a weak
f-K-contact manifold. We also find the Ricci curvature of a weak
f-K-contact manifold in the
-directions, showing that there are no Einstein weak
f-K-contact manifolds for
and that the mixed sectional curvature is positive. Using this, the weak
f-K-contact structure can be deformed to the
f-K-contact structure, and we obtain a topological obstruction (including the Adams number) to the existence of weak
f-K-contact manifolds.
Section 6 presents the sufficient conditions for a weak
f-K-contact manifold with a generalized gradient Ricci soliton to be a quasi-Einstein or Ricci flat manifold. In
Section 7, we find that the sufficient conditions for a compact weak
f-K-contact manifold with the
-Ricci structure of constant scalar curvature is
-Einstein.
Section 8 and
Section 9 show that a weak
-Kenmotsu
f-manifold is locally a twisted product of
and a weak Kähler manifold, and in the case of an additional
-Ricci soliton structure, we explore their potential to be
-Einstein manifolds of a constant scalar curvature. The proofs (of some results) given in the article for the convenience of the reader use the properties of the new tensors, as well as the constructions needed in the classical case.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we review the basics of the weak metric
f-structure, see [
26,
28]. First, let us generalize the notion of a framed
f-structure [
8,
9,
13,
14,
16,
33], called an
f-structure with complemented frames in [
10] or an
f-structure with parallelizable kernel in [
7].
Definition 1. A framed weak f-structure on a smooth manifold is a set , where f is a -tensor of rank , Q is a nonsingular -tensor, are structure vector fields, and are 1-forms, satisfying Then, theequality holds. If there exists a Riemannian metric g on such thatthen, is a weak metric f-structure, and g is called a compatible metric. Assume that a
-dimensional contact distribution
is
f-invariant. Note that for the framed weak
f-structure,
is true, and
Using the above, the distribution is spanned by and is invariant for Q.
Remark 1. The concept of an almost paracontact structure is analogous to the concept of an almost contact structure and is closely related to an almost product structure. Similarly to (1), we define a framed weak para-f-structure, see details in [31], byand we assume that a -dimensional contact distribution is f-invariant. The framed weak
f-structure is called normal if the following tensor is zero:
The Nijenhuis torsion of a (1,1)-tensor
S and the exterior derivative of a 1-form
are given by
Using the Levi–Civita connection ∇ of
g, one can rewrite
as
The following tensors
, and
on framed weak
f-manifolds, see [
28,
30], are well known in the classical theory, see [
10], and are expressed as follows:
Remark 2. Let be a weak framed f-manifold. Consider the product manifold , where is a Euclidean space with a basis , and define tensors J and on assuming and for . It can be shown that . The tensors appear when we derive the integrability condition and express the normality condition for .
A framed weak
f-manifold admits a compatible metric if
f has a skew-symmetric representation, i.e., for any
, there exist a frame
on a neighborhood
, for which
f has a skew-symmetric matrix, see [
26]. For a weak metric
f-manifold, the tensor
f is skew-symmetric and
Q is self-adjoint and positive definite. Putting
in (
2), and using
, we obtain
. Hence,
is orthogonal to
for any compatible metric. Thus,
—the sum of two complementary orthogonal subbundles.
A distribution
is called totally geodesic if and only if its second fundamental form vanishes, i.e.,
for any vector fields
—this is the case when any geodesic of
M that is tangent to
at one point is tangent to
at all its points, e.g., Section 1.3.1 [
25]. According to the Frobenius theorem, any involutive distribution is tangent to (the leaves of) a foliation. Any involutive and totally geodesic distribution is tangent to a totally geodesic foliation. A foliation whose orthogonal distribution is totally geodesic is called a Riemannian foliation.
A “small” (1,1)-tensor
measures the difference between weak and classical
f-structures. By (
3), we obtain
Proposition 1 (see [
28])
. The normality condition for a weak metric f-structure impliesMoreover, is a totally geodesic distribution.
The coboundary formula for exterior derivative of a 2-form
is
Note that for . Therefore, for a weak metric f-structure, the distribution is involutive if and only if .
Only one new tensor (vanishing at ), which supplements the sequence of well-known tensors , is needed to study the weak metric f-structure.
Proposition 2 (see [
28])
. For a weak metric f-structure we obtainwhere a skew-symmetric with respect to Y and Z tensor is defined byFor particular values of the tensor we obtain Similar to the classical case, we introduce broad classes of weak metric f-structures.
Definition 2. A weak metric f-structure is called
(i) A weak -structure if it is normal and .
We define two subclasses of weak -manifolds as follows:
(ii) Weak -manifolds if for any i.
(iii) Weak -manifolds if the following is valid: Omitting the normality condition, we obtain the following: a weak metric f-structure is called
(i) A weak almost -structure if .
(ii) A weak almost -structure if Φ and are closed forms.
(iii) A weak almost -structure (or, a weak f-contact structure), if (11) is valid. A weak almost -structure, whose structure vector fields are Killing, i.e., the tensorvanishes, is called a weak f-K
-contact structure. For a weak almost -structure (and its special cases, a weak almost -structure and a weak almost -structure), the distribution is involutive. Moreover, for a weak almost -structure and a weak almost -structure, we obtain ; in other words, the distribution of these manifolds is tangent to a -foliation with an abelian Lie algebra.
Remark 3. Let be a Lie algebra of dimension s. We can say that a foliation of dimension s on a smooth connected manifold M is a -foliation if there exist complete vector fields on M, which, when restricted to each leaf of , form a parallelism of this submanifold with a Lie algebra isomorphic to , see, for example, refs. [26,34]. The following diagram (well known for classical structures) summarizes the relationships between some classes of weak metric
f-manifolds considered in this article:
For
, we obtain the following diagram:
3. Geometry of Weak Almost -Manifolds
For a weak almost
-structure, the distribution
is not involutive, since we have
Proposition 3 (see Theorem 2.2 in [
28])
. For a weak almost -structure, the tensors and vanish; moreover, vanishes if and only if is a Killing vector field. By
, we have
for all
. Symmetrizing the above equality (with
) and using
yields
. From this and the equality
, it follows that weak almost
-manifolds satisfy
Corollary 1. For a weak almost -structure, the distribution is tangent to a -foliation with totally geodesic flat (that is leaves.
The following corollary of Propositions 2 and 3 generalizes well-known results with
, e.g., Proposition 1.4 [
10] and Proposition 2.1 [
35].
Proposition 4. For a weak almost -structure we obtainwhere . Taking in (12), we obtain The tensor
is important for weak almost
-manifolds, see Proposition 3. Therefore, we define the tensor field
, where
Using
and
, we obtain
; therefore,
is true. For
, using the equality
, we derive the following:
therefore,
for all
. Next, we calculate
Thus, using
, see (
13) with
, we obtain
for all
:
For an almost
-structure, the tensor
is self-adjoint, trace-free, and anti-commutes with
f, i.e.,
, see [
35]. We generalize this result for a weak almost
-structure.
Proposition 5 (see [
28,
29])
. For a weak almost -structure , the tensor and its conjugate tensor satisfy Let us consider the following condition (which is trivially satisfied by metric
f-manifolds):
The following corollary generalizes the known property of almost -manifolds.
Corollary 2. Let a weak almost -manifold satisfy (14), then, and for all i. Proof. Under the conditions and Proposition 5, commutes with Q. Since the self-adjoint tensor Q is positive definite, then, is also self-adjoint, that is, . If , then using (by assumptions and Proposition 5), we obtain . Thus, if is an eigenvalue of , then is also an eigenvalue of ; hence, . □
Definition 3 (see [
28])
. Framed weak f-structures and on a smooth manifold are said to be homothetic if the following conditions:are valid for some real . Weak metric f-structures and are said to be homothetic if they satisfy conditions (15a,b) and Proposition 6 (see [
28])
. Let a framed weak f-structure satisfy for some real . Then, is a framed f-structure, where is given by (15a). Moreover, if is a weak almost -structure and (15a) and (16) are valid, then is an almost -structure. Denote by the Ricci tensor, where is the curvature tensor. The Ricci operator is given by . The scalar curvature of g is given by .
Remark 4. For almost -manifolds, we have, see Proposition 2.6 [35], Can one generalize (17) for weak almost -manifolds ? For a weak almost
-manifold, the
splitting tensor is defined by
where
⊤:
is the orthoprojector, see [
29]. The splitting tensor is decomposed as
, where the skew-symmetric operator
and the self-adjoint operator
are defined using the integrability tensor
and the second fundamental form
of
by
Since
defines a totally geodesic foliation, see Corollary 1, then the distribution
is totally geodesic if and only if
is skew-symmetric, and
is integrable if and only if the tensor
is self-adjoint. Thus,
if and only if
is integrable and defines a totally geodesic foliation; in this case, by de Rham Decomposition Theorem, the manifold splits (is locally the product of Riemannian manifolds, defined by distributions
and
), e.g., ref. [
25].
Theorem 1. The splitting tensor of a weak almost -manifold has the following view: The mixed scalar curvature of an almost product manifold
is the function
where
is an adapted orthonormal frame, i.e.,
and
. Let
and
be the second fundamental form and the mean curvature vector, and let
be the integrability tensor of the distribution
. The following formula:
has many applications in Riemannian, Kähler and Sasakian geometries, see [
25].
Theorem 2. For the weak almost -structure on a closed manifold satisfying condition (14), the following integral formula is true: Proof. According to (
20), set
and
. By the assumptions, Proposition 5 and Corollary 2,
,
and
. Then,
and
where
. For a weak almost
-manifold, we have
. Thus, (
21) is the counterpart of (
20) integrated on a closed manifold using the Divergence Theorem. □
Definition 4 (see [
36])
. An even-dimensional Riemannian manifold equipped with a skew-symmetric -tensor J such that is negative-definite is called a weak Hermitian manifold. This manifold is called weak Kählerian if , where is the Levi–Civita connection of . An involutive distribution is
regular if every point of the manifold has a neighborhood such that any integral submanifold passing through the neighborhood passes through only once, see, for example, ref. [
21]. The next theorem states that a compact manifold with a regular weak almost
-structure is a principal torus bundle over a weak Hermitian manifold, and we believe that its proof using Proposition 3 is similar to the proof of Theorem 4.2 [
21].
Theorem 3. Let be a compact manifold equipped with a regular weak almost -structure . Then, there exists a weak almost -structure on M for which the structure vector fields are the infinitesimal generators of a free and effective -action on M. Moreover, the quotient is a smooth weak Hermitian manifold of dimension .
4. Geometry of Weak -Manifolds and Their Two Subclasses
The following result generalizes Theorem 1.1 [
10].
Theorem 4. On a weak -manifold the structure vector fields are Killing andthus, the distribution is tangent to a totally geodesic Riemannian foliation with flat leaves. Proof. By Proposition 1,
is totally geodesic and
. Using
and condition
in the identity
, we obtain
. By direct calculation we obtain the following:
Thus, from (
23) we obtain
. To show
, we will examine
and
. Using
, we obtain
. Next, using Proposition 1, we obtain
Thus,
is a Killing vector field, i.e.,
. From
and (
8) we obtain
, i.e.,
is integrable. Finally, from this and Proposition 1 we obtain (
22); thus, the sectional curvature
vanishes. □
By Proposition 4 with , we obtain the following.
Corollary 3. For a weak -structure we obtain Moreover, are Killing vector fields and is tangent to a Riemannian totally geodesic foliation.
Using Corollary 3, we obtain a rigidity theorem for an -structure.
Theorem 5. A weak metric f-structure is a weak -structure if and only if it is an -structure.
Proof. Let
be a weak
-structure. Since
, by Proposition 1, we obtain
. By (
10), we obtain
. Since
f is skew-symmetric, applying (
24) with
in (
5) yields
From this and , we obtain for all ; therefore, . □
For , from Theorem 5, we have the following
Corollary 4 (see [
37])
. A weak almost contact metric structure on is weak Sasakian if and only if it is a Sasakian structure (i.e., a normal contact metric structure) on . Next, we study a weak almost -structure.
Proposition 7. For a weak -structure , we obtain A
-structure is a
-structure if and only if
f is parallel, e.g., Theorem 1.5 [
10]. The following theorem extends this result and characterizes weak
-manifolds using the condition
.
Theorem 6. A weak metric f-structure with conditions andis a weak -structure with the property . Proof. Using condition
, from (
5), we obtain
. Hence, from (
4), we obtain
, and from (
5), with
and
, we obtain
From (
8), we calculate
hence, using condition
again, we obtain
. Next,
Thus, setting
in Proposition 4 and using the condition
and the properties
,
, and
, we find
. By (
10) and (
26), we obtain
hence,
. From this and condition
, we obtain
. By the above,
. Thus,
is a weak
-structure. Finally, from (
25) and condition
, we obtain
. □
Example 1. Let M be a -dimensional smooth manifold and an endomorphism of rank such that . To construct a weak -structure on or , where is an s-dimensional torus, take any point of either space and set , , andwhere and . Then, (1) holds and Theorem 6 can be used. 5. Geometry of Weak f-K-Contact Manifolds
Here, we characterize weak f-K-contact manifolds among all weak almost -manifolds and find conditions under which a Riemannian manifold endowed with a set of unit Killing vector fields becomes a weak f-K-contact manifold.
Lemma 1. For a weak f-K-contact manifold we obtain Recall the following property of
f-K-contact manifolds, see [
10,
22]:
Using Proposition 3 and Theorem 1, we obtain the following.
Theorem 7. A weak almost -structure is weak f-K-contact if and only if (27) is true. From Proposition 5 and Theorem 1, using Lemma 1, we obtain .
The mapping
is called the
Jacobi operator in the
-direction, e.g., ref. [
25]. For a weak almost
-manifold, by Proposition 4, we obtain
.
Theorem 8. Let be a Riemannian manifold with orthonormal Killing vector fields such that (where is the 1-form dual to and the Jacobi operators are positive definite on the distribution . Then, the manifold is weak f-K-contact, and its structural tensors are as follows: Proof. Since
are Killing vector fields, we obtain the following property (
11):
Set
for some
i and all
. Since
is a unit Killing vector field, we obtain
and
, see [
9]. Thus,
is true, and
By the conditions, the tensor
Q is positive definite on the subbundle
. Therefore, the rank of
f restricted to
is
. Set
. Thus, (
1) and (
2) are true. □
The sectional curvature of a plane containing unit vectors
and
is called mixed sectional curvature. The mixed sectional curvature of an almost
-manifold is a spacial case of mixed sectional curvature of almost product manifolds, for example, ref. [
25]. Note that the mixed sectional curvature of an
f-K-contact manifold is constant and equal to 1.
Proposition 8. A weak f-K-contact structure of constant mixed sectional curvature, satisfying for all and some , is homothetic to an f-K-contact structure after the transformation (15a,b)–(16). Example 2. According to Theorem 8, we can search for examples of weak f-K-contact (not f-K-contact) manifolds that can be found among Riemannian manifolds of positive sectional curvature admitting mutually orthogonal unit Killing vector fields. Set , and let be an ellipsoid with induced metric g of ,where . The sectional curvature of is positive. It follows thatis a Killing vector field on , whose restriction to M has unit length. Since M is invariant under the flow of ξ, then ξ is a unit Killing vector field on . Since
for a weak almost
-manifold, the Ricci curvature in the
-direction is given by
where
is a local orthonormal basis of
. The next proposition generalizes some particular properties of
f-K-contact manifolds for the case of weak
f-K-contact manifolds.
Proposition 9. Let be a weak f-K-contact manifold, then, for all we obtain Proposition 10. There are no Einstein weak f-K-contact manifolds with .
Proof. A weak
f-K-contact manifold with
and
, satisfies the following:
If the manifold is an Einstein manifold, then for the unit vector field
, we obtain
. Comparing this with (
32) yields
—a contradiction. □
For a
f-K-contact manifold, Equations (30) and (
17) give
and
.
Proposition 11. For a weak f-K-contact manifold, the mixed sectional curvature is positive, as follows:and the Ricci curvature satisfies the following: for all . Proof. From (29), we obtain
for any unit vectors
. Using (
1) and non-singularity of
f on
, from (31) we obtain
where
is a local orthonormal frame of
, thus the second statement is valid. □
Theorem 9. A weak f-K-contact manifold with conditions and is an Einstein manifold and .
Proof. Differentiating (31) and using (
27) and the conditions, we have
hence
. Differentiating this, then using
and assuming
at a point
, gives
Thus, . Hence, for any vectors ; therefore, is an Einstein manifold. By Proposition 10, . □
The partial Ricci curvature tensor, see [
26], is self-adjoint and is given by
Note that
holds for
f-K-contact manifolds. For weak
f-K-contact manifolds, the tensor
is positive definite, see Proposition 11. In [
26], applying the flow of metrics for a
-foliation, a deformation of a weak almost
-structure with positive partial Ricci curvature onto the the classical structures of the same kind was constructed.
The next theorem, using Proposition 11 and the method of [
26], shows that a weak
f-K-contact manifold can be deformed into an
f-K-contact manifold.
Theorem 10. Let be a weak f-K-contact manifold. Then, there exist metrics , such that each is a weak f-K-contact structure satisfying Moreover, converges exponentially fast, as , to a metric with that gives an f-K-contact structure on M.
Proof. For a weak
f-K-contact manifold, the tensor
is positive definite. Thus, we can apply the method of Theorem 1 [
26]. Consider the partial Ricci flow, see [
25],
where the tensor
is given by
. We obtain the following, based on
for
:
and find
, see also [
26]. Thus,
. By the above, we obtain the following ordinary differential equation:
According to ODE theory, there exists a unique solution
for
; thus, a solution
of (
34) exists for
and it is unique. Observe that
with
, given in (
33), is a weak
f-K-contact structure on
. By the uniqueness of the solution, the flow (
34) preserves the directions of the eigenvectors of
, and each eigenvalue
satisfies the ODE
with
. This ODE has the following solution:
(a function
on
M for
) with
. Thus,
. Let
be a
-orthonormal frame of
of eigenvectors associated with
, we then obtain
. Since
with
, then
. By the above, we obtain
. Hence,
. □
Denote by
the maximal number of point-wise linearly independent vector fields on a sphere
. The topological invariant
, called the Adams number, is
see
Table 1, and the inequality
is valid, for example, Section 1.4.4 [
25].
There are not many theorems in differential geometry that use . Applying the Adams number, we obtain a topological obstruction to the existence of weak f-K-contact manifolds.
Theorem 11. For a weak f-K-contact manifold we have .
Proof. For a weak almost
-structure, the following Riccati equation is true, e.g., ref. [
25]:
Since the splitting tensor
is skew-symmetric for a weak
f-K-contact manifold, i.e.,
and
, see (
19), and the Jacobi operator
is self-adjoined, (
35) reduces to two equations on
, as follows:
By this and Proposition 11, we obtain for any and . Note that a skew-symmetric linear operator can only have zero real eigenvalues. Thus, for any point , the continuous vector fields , are tangent to the unit sphere . If . Then, these vector fields are linearly dependent at point with weights , i.e., . Then, the splitting tensor has a real eigenvector as follows: , where and , a contradiction. Thus, the inequality holds. □
10. Conclusions and Future Directions
This review paper demonstrates that the weak metric f-structure is a valuable tool for exploring various geometric properties on manifolds, including Killing vector fields, totally geodesic foliations, twisted products, Ricci-type solitons, and Einstein-type metrics. Several results for metric f-manifolds have been extended to manifolds with weak structures, providing new insights and applications.
In conclusion, we pose the following open questions: 1. Is the condition “the mixed sectional curvature is positive” sufficient for a weak metric
f-manifold to be weak
f-K-contact? 2. Does a weak metric
f-manifold of a dimension greater than 3 have some positive mixed sectional curvature? 3. Is a compact weak
f-K-contact Einstein manifold an
-manifold? 4. When is a given weak
f-K-contact manifold a mapping torus (see [
22]) of a manifold of a lower dimension? 5. When does a weak metric
f-manifold equipped with a Ricci-type soliton structure, carry a canonical (e.g., of constant sectional curvature or Einstein-type) metric? 6. Can Theorems 13–16 be extended to the case where
is not constant? These questions highlight the potential for further exploration and development in the field of weak metric
f-manifolds, encouraging continued research and discovery.
We delegate the following to the future:
The study of integral formulas, variational problems, and extrinsic geometric flows for weak metric
f-manifolds and their distinguished classes using the methodology of [
25].
The study of weak nearly
- and weak nearly
-manifolds as well as weak nearly Kenmotsu
f-manifolds, and the generalization to the case
of our results on weak nearly Sasakian/cosymplectic manifolds, see the survey in [
27].
The study of geometric inequalities with the mutual curvature invariants and with Chen-type invariants (and the case of equality in them) for submanifolds in weak metric
f-manifolds and in their distinguished classes using the methodology of [
40].