Intelligent Robust Cross-Domain Fault Diagnostic Method for Rotating Machines Using Noisy Condition Labels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The health state labels in the form of one hot encoded vectors are induced with a random noise in the training stage.
- This increases the variability of the source dataset, making the training more robust and achieving better optimization of the model.
- This algorithm has been implemented on two different bearing datasets to validate the performance of the proposed approach.
2. Conceptual Background
2.1. Problem Formulation
2.2. Convolutional Neural Networks
2.3. Maximum Mean Discrepancy
2.4. Concept of Noisy Health Labels
3. Proposed Method
4. Result Analysis
4.1. Data Description
4.1.1. CWRU Data Description
4.1.2. Paderborn Data Description
4.2. Transfer Tasks
4.2.1. Transfer Tasks for CWRU Dataset
4.2.2. Transfer Tasks for Paderborn Dataset
4.3. Experimental Results
4.3.1. Determination of Architectural Parameters
4.3.2. Selection of Optimal Noise Range for the Health Labels
4.3.3. Compared Methods
- Deep Neural Network (DNN) [25] is a conventional deep learning method which consists of multiple FC layers stacked together for supervised learning. A network having four FC layers with 128 neurons in each layer is used for feature extraction. Finally, a softmax output layer with number of neurons equal to the number of health classes is adopted for classification.
- Support Vector Machine (SVM) [26] is a popular supervised machine learning algorithm traditionally used for classification as well as regression tasks. For establishing the SVM model, a structural risk minimization criterion adopted from the statistical learning theory is used for performing the desired task. Manually extracted features are provided as inputs to the model, along with the selection of an appropriate kernel.
- Transfer Component Analysis (TCA) [27] is a popular domain adaptation technique that tries to learn certain transfer components across the source and target domains and, hence, find a feature subspace in which similar data properties are encountered for the two domains with closer data distributions. On creating the new subspace, a standard SVM classifier is trained using the transformed source domain data for testing in the target domain.
- Joint Distribution Adaptation (JDA) [28] is a transfer learning approach that is useful when there exists a discrepancy between the marginal as well as the conditional distributions of the labeled source domain and unlabeled target domain data. JDA tries to formulate new feature representations for the domains by jointly adapting their marginal as well as conditional distributions during the dimensionality reduction process. These transformed representations are highly robust and effective for domain generalization.
- Balanced Distribution Adaptation (BDA) [29] is a transfer learning technique that targets the distribution adaptation problem by leveraging the importance of the marginal and conditional distribution discrepancies in an adaptive manner. It can also be effectively used in transfer learning problems having class imbalance scenarios.
- Geodesic Flow Kernel (GFK) [30] is a kernel-based unsupervised domain adaptation approach. It tackles the domain shift problem by integrating infinite subspaces that are used for mapping the geometric and statistical changes from the source domain data to the target domain data.
- Traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) without any cross-domain adaptation, but having a similar architecture as the proposed method, is considered in this comparison study. The stacked convolutional and pooling layers are used for extracting meaningful features from the raw data signals. At the end, a fully connected layer is placed, which is followed by the softmax layer for classification. After training the model using only source domain data, the model is directly tested on target domain data.
- Convolutional Neural Network with MK-MMD [31]: The proposed method implements the CNN with cross-domain adaptation features. The maximum mean discrepancy metric is used for the alignment of source and target domain distributions.
4.3.4. Benchmarking Results and Performance Analysis
4.4. Visualization of High-Level Features
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jia, F.; Lei, Y.; Guo, L.; Lin, J.; Xing, S. A neural network constructed by deep learning technique and its application to intelligent fault diagnosis of machines. Neurocomputing 2018, 272, 619–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, D.; Qin, C.; Yu, H.; Huang, Y.; Liu, C. Unsupervised deep representation learning for motor fault diagnosis by mutual information maximization. J. Intell. Manuf. 2020, 32, 377–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Jia, X.D.; Zhang, W.; Ma, H.; Luo, Z.; Li, X. Intelligent cross-machine fault diagnosis approach with deep auto-encoder and domain adaptation. Neurocomputing 2020, 383, 235–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Siahpour, S.; Lee, J.; Wang, Y.; Shi, J. Deep learning-based intelligent process monitoring of directed energy deposition in additive manufacturing with thermal images. Procedia Manuf. 2020, 48, 643–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshi, G.P.; Alenezi, F.; Thirumoorthy, G.; Dutta, A.K.; You, J. Ensemble of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Classification Model on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks. Mathematics 2021, 9, 2984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, S.; Li, J.; Li, G.; Pan, P.; Liu, K. XPM: An Explainable Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Portfolio Management. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, 1–5 November 2021; pp. 1661–1670. [Google Scholar]
- Siahpour, S.; Li, X.; Lee, J. Deep learning-based cross-sensor domain adaptation for fault diagnosis of electro-mechanical actuators. Int. J. Dyn. Control 2020, 8, 1054–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Ma, H.; Luo, Z.; Li, X. Degradation Alignment in Remaining Useful Life Prediction Using Deep Cycle-Consistent Learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 2021, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Li, X.; Ma, H.; Luo, Z.; Li, X. Federated learning for machinery fault diagnosis with dynamic validation and self-supervision. Knowl.-Based Syst. 2021, 213, 106679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.J.; Kim, J.M. Bearing fault diagnosis under variable rotational speeds using stockwell transform-based vibration imaging and transfer learning. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ainapure, A.; Li, X.; Singh, J.; Yang, Q.; Lee, J. Deep learning-based cross-machine health identification method for vacuum pumps with domain adaptation. Procedia Manuf. 2020, 48, 1088–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Chen, H.; Li, S.; An, Z. Sparse filtering based domain adaptation for mechanical fault diagnosis. Neurocomputing 2020, 393, 101–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Liu, C.H.; Lin, Q.; Wen, Q.; Su, L.; Huang, G.; Ding, Z. Deep residual correction network for partial domain adaptation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 2020, 43, 2329–2344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, W.; Li, X.; Ma, H.; Luo, Z.; Li, X. Open set domain adaptation in machinery fault diagnostics using instance-level weighted adversarial learning. IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics 2021, 17, 7445–7455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Michau, G.; Fink, O. Missing-class-robust domain adaptation by unilateral alignment. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2020, 68, 663–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Ma, H.; Luo, Z.; Li, X. Domain generalization in rotating machinery fault diagnostics using deep neural networks. Neurocomputing 2020, 403, 409–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, T.; Tang, T.; Lin, R.; Chen, M.; Han, S.; Wu, J. A simple data augmentation algorithm and a self-adaptive convolutional architecture for few-shot fault diagnosis under different working conditions. Measurement 2020, 156, 107539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, X.; Deng, F.; Yue, X. Data augmentation in fault diagnosis based on the Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gradient penalty. Neurocomputing 2020, 396, 487–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Du, P.; Liu, X.; Yang, J.; Wang, G. Adversarial unsupervised domain adaptation for cross scenario waveform recognition. Signal Process. 2020, 171, 107526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Youn, B.D. A new parameter repurposing method for parameter transfer with small dataset and its application in fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 46917–46930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gretton, A.; Borgwardt, K.M.; Rasch, M.J.; Schölkopf, B.; Smola, A. A kernel two-sample test. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2012, 13, 723–773. [Google Scholar]
- Gretton, A.; Sejdinovic, D.; Strathmann, H.; Balakrishnan, S.; Pontil, M.; Fukumizu, K.; Sriperumbudur, B.K. Optimal kernel choice for large-scale two-sample tests. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 2012, 25, 1205–1213. [Google Scholar]
- Ainapure, A.; Li, X.; Singh, J.; Yang, Q.; Lee, J. Enhancing intelligent cross-domain fault diagnosis performance on rotating machines with noisy health labels. Procedia Manuf. 2020, 48, 940–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lessmeier, C.; Kimotho, J.K.; Zimmer, D.; Sextro, W. Condition monitoring of bearing damage in electromechanical drive systems by using motor current signals of electric motors: A benchmark data set for data-driven classification. In Proceedings of the European Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society, Bilbao, Spain, 5–8 July 2016; pp. 05–08. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Z.; Deng, S.; Chen, X.; Li, C.; Sanchez, R.V.; Qin, H. Deep neural networks-based rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Microelectron. Reliab. 2017, 75, 327–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Yu, D.; Cheng, J. A fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on IMF envelope spectrum and SVM. Measurement 2007, 40, 943–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, S.J.; Tsang, I.W.; Kwok, J.T.; Yang, Q. Domain adaptation via transfer component analysis. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 2010, 22, 199–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Long, M.; Wang, J.; Ding, G.; Sun, J.; Yu, P.S. Transfer feature learning with joint distribution adaptation. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1–8 December 2013; pp. 2200–2207. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Hao, S.; Feng, W.; Shen, Z. Balanced distribution adaptation for transfer learning. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), New Orleans, LA, USA, 18–21 November 2017; pp. 1129–1134. [Google Scholar]
- Gong, B.; Shi, Y.; Sha, F.; Grauman, K. Geodesic flow kernel for unsupervised domain adaptation. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA, 16–21 June 2012; pp. 2066–2073. [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Ding, Q.; Sun, J.Q. Multi-layer domain adaptation method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Signal Process. 2019, 157, 180–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, W.; Cerise, J.E.; Yang, Y.; Han, H. Application of t-SNE to human genetic data. J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol. 2017, 15, 1750017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Maaten, L.; Hinton, G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2008, 9, 2579–2605. [Google Scholar]
Bearing Code | Health Condition Label | Type of Bearing Health Condition | Extent of Damage | Damage Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
K001 | 1 | Healthy (undamaged) | - | - |
KI05 | 2 | Inner race defect | 1 | Electric engraver |
KI07 | 3 | Inner race defect | 2 | Electric engraver |
KA05 | 4 | Outer race defect | 1 | Electric engraver |
Operating | Rotational Speed | Load Torque | Radial Force |
---|---|---|---|
Condition | (rpm) | (N·m) | (N) |
A | 1500 | 0.7 | 1000 |
B | 900 | 0.7 | 1000 |
C | 1500 | 0.1 | 1000 |
D | 1500 | 0.7 | 400 |
Transfer | Source | Target | No of Source | No of Target |
---|---|---|---|---|
Task | Domain | Domain | Samples | Samples |
0 hp | 3 hp | 10 × | 10 × | |
3 hp | 0 hp | 10 × | 10 × | |
0 hp | 2 hp | 10 × | 10 × | |
2 hp | 0 hp | 10 × | 10 × | |
1 hp | 3 hp | 10 × | 10 × | |
3 hp | 1 hp | 10 × | 10 × |
CWRU | Paderborn | ||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
Number of epochs | 500 | Number of epochs | 800 |
40 | 40 | ||
25 | 25 | ||
100 | 400 | ||
100 | 400 | ||
1000 | 600 | ||
Batch size for cross entropy | 32 | Batch size for cross entropy | 32 |
Batch size for MMD | 100 | Batch size for MMD | 100 |
Transfer | Source | Target | No of Source | No of Target |
---|---|---|---|---|
Task | Domain | Domain | Samples | Samples |
A | B | 5 × | 5 × | |
A | C | 5 × | 5 × | |
A | D | 5 × | 5 × | |
B | A | 5 × | 5 × | |
C | A | 5 × | 5 × | |
D | A | 5 × | 5 × |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ainapure, A.; Siahpour, S.; Li, X.; Majid, F.; Lee, J. Intelligent Robust Cross-Domain Fault Diagnostic Method for Rotating Machines Using Noisy Condition Labels. Mathematics 2022, 10, 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030455
Ainapure A, Siahpour S, Li X, Majid F, Lee J. Intelligent Robust Cross-Domain Fault Diagnostic Method for Rotating Machines Using Noisy Condition Labels. Mathematics. 2022; 10(3):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030455
Chicago/Turabian StyleAinapure, Abhijeet, Shahin Siahpour, Xiang Li, Faray Majid, and Jay Lee. 2022. "Intelligent Robust Cross-Domain Fault Diagnostic Method for Rotating Machines Using Noisy Condition Labels" Mathematics 10, no. 3: 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030455
APA StyleAinapure, A., Siahpour, S., Li, X., Majid, F., & Lee, J. (2022). Intelligent Robust Cross-Domain Fault Diagnostic Method for Rotating Machines Using Noisy Condition Labels. Mathematics, 10(3), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030455