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Article

Chatbots in Multivariable Calculus Exams: Innovative Tool or Academic Risk?

by
Gustavo Navas
1,*,
Julio Proaño-Orellana
1,
Rogelio Orizondo
2,
Gabriel E. Navas-Reascos
3 and
Gustavo Navas-Reascos
4,5
1
IDEIAGEOCA Group, Universidad Politéncica Salesiana, Av. Moran Valverde S/N y Av. Rumichaca, Quito 170702, Ecuador
2
Universidad Politéncica Salesiana, Av. Moran Valverde S/N y Av. Runichaca, Quito 170702, Ecuador
3
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
4
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
5
Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, CDMX, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010160
Submission received: 6 October 2025 / Revised: 14 January 2026 / Accepted: 16 January 2026 / Published: 20 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section STEM Education)

Abstract

The integration of AI tools like ChatGPT into educational assessments, particularly in the context of Multivariable Calculus, represents a transformative approach to personalized and scalable learning. This study examines the Exams as a Service (EaaS)-Flipped Chatbot Test (FCT) framework, implemented through the AIQuest platform, to explore how chatbots can support assessment processes while addressing risks related to automation and academic integrity. The methodology combines static and dynamic assessment modes within a cloud-based environment that generates, evaluates, and provides feedback on student responses. Quantitative survey data and qualitative written reflections were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach, incorporating Grounded Theory to identify emerging cognitive patterns. The results reveal differences in students’ engagement, performance, and reasoning patterns between AI-assisted and non-AI assessment conditions, highlighting the role of structured AI-generated feedback in supporting reflective and metacognitive processes. Quantitative results indicate higher and more homogeneous performance under the reverse evaluation, while survey responses show generally positive perceptions of feedback usefulness and task appropriateness. This study contributes integrated quantitative and qualitative evidence on the design of AI-assisted evaluation frameworks as formative and diagnostic tools, offering guidance for educators to implement AI-based evaluation systems.
Keywords: Exam as a Service (Eaas); ChatGPT 4.0; Flipped Chatbot Test (FCT); mathematics; multivariable calculus Exam as a Service (Eaas); ChatGPT 4.0; Flipped Chatbot Test (FCT); mathematics; multivariable calculus

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Navas, G.; Proaño-Orellana, J.; Orizondo, R.; Navas-Reascos, G.E.; Navas-Reascos, G. Chatbots in Multivariable Calculus Exams: Innovative Tool or Academic Risk? Educ. Sci. 2026, 16, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010160

AMA Style

Navas G, Proaño-Orellana J, Orizondo R, Navas-Reascos GE, Navas-Reascos G. Chatbots in Multivariable Calculus Exams: Innovative Tool or Academic Risk? Education Sciences. 2026; 16(1):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010160

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navas, Gustavo, Julio Proaño-Orellana, Rogelio Orizondo, Gabriel E. Navas-Reascos, and Gustavo Navas-Reascos. 2026. "Chatbots in Multivariable Calculus Exams: Innovative Tool or Academic Risk?" Education Sciences 16, no. 1: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010160

APA Style

Navas, G., Proaño-Orellana, J., Orizondo, R., Navas-Reascos, G. E., & Navas-Reascos, G. (2026). Chatbots in Multivariable Calculus Exams: Innovative Tool or Academic Risk? Education Sciences, 16(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010160

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