Mapping Acoustic Frictional Properties of Self-Lubricating Epoxy-Coated Bearing Steel with Acoustic Emissions during Friction Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials
2.2. Coating the Steel Bars with Self-Lubricating Coatings
2.3. Measuring the Schallamach Waves and Wear
2.4. Absorbance of Sound during the Tribo Test Using an Acoustic Sensor
2.5. Preprocessing the Data
2.6. Surface Characterization of the Coated Specimen
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Measuring Coefficient of Friction and Stick–Slip Using a Reciprocating Tribometer
3.2. Absorbance of Acoustic Emissions during the Tribo-Test and Correlation with the Coefficient of Friction
3.3. Mapping the Coefficient of Friction with Acoustic Emissions during Tribo Test
3.4. Analyzing the Surfaces of the Coated Samples and Co-Relating the Surface Features with Acoustic Emissions
4. Conclusions
- The presence of the stick–slip phenomenon was confirmed by analyzing the variation in the coefficient of friction during tribo-pair interaction. The amplitude of the stick–slip of C3 was high, and it was observed that C3 generated a 11.29 N maximum friction force under a 10 N applied load and showed high amplitudes of stick–slip, a high wear rate, and deep grooves.
- The average amplitude of the acoustic signal was compared with the average value of the coefficient of friction. The amplitude of acoustic emission followed the trend of the coefficient of friction.
- The coefficient of friction was mapped with the acoustic sensor output voltage. The variation in the coefficient of friction followed the trend of the acoustic sensor output voltage, particularly C2 and C4.
- Schallamach waves were observed during the surface morphology analysis. The C1 under low speed showed a higher Schallamach wave presence, which obstructed the performance of the acoustic sensor, and thus the correlation between the variation in the coefficient of friction and the acoustic signal did not follow the trend.
- Even though the acoustic signal was capable of mapping the frictional coefficient, a few drawbacks listed below still remain.
- Although the acoustic sensor’s trend was similar to the COF, it lacked resolution due to the averaging effect of the electronic components. The averaging effect can be reduced by fine-tuning the values to suit the quick response needed to exhibit the same trend as the COF.
- A second issue that limits the use of the acoustic sensor is that the experimental set-up was not in a sound-insulated environment. An acoustic sensor with high sensitivity can capture every sound due to friction/wear and tear for such applications. On the contrary, in a non-insulated (acoustic) environment, the sensor may pick up noises from other operating machines or environmental sounds that could occur during the experiment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material composition values of EN8 steel bar: | |||||
C | Mn | Si | S | P | |
0.440% | 0.569% | 0.176% | 0.027% | 0.080% | - |
Material composition values of EN31 steel ball: | |||||
C | Mn | Si | S | P | Cr |
0.928% | 0.323% | 0.186% | 0.006% | 0.019% | 1.494% |
Coating | Graphite (wt%) | hBN (wt%) | Talc (wt%) | Total Additives (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 15 | 7.5 | 15 | 37.5 |
C2 | 5 | 5 | 15 | 25 |
C3 | 0 | 7.5 | 10 | 17.5 |
C4 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 20 |
Sample | Frequency (Hz) | Load (N) | Stroke Length (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 1 | 10 | 15 |
C2 | 2 | ||
C3 | 3 | ||
C4 | 4 |
Samples | Maximum Frictional Force Generated during the Tribo Test (N) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 7.8332 | 0.8730 | 0.5957 | 0.1386 |
C2 | 8.8502 | 0.9512 | 0.4323 | 0.2594 |
C3 | 11.2936 | 1.2694 | 0.2116 | 0.5289 |
C4 | 4.5241 | 0.4958 | 0.2221 | 0.1368 |
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Krishnamoorthy, V.; Anitha John, A.; Bhaumik, S.; Paleu, V. Mapping Acoustic Frictional Properties of Self-Lubricating Epoxy-Coated Bearing Steel with Acoustic Emissions during Friction Test. Technologies 2024, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12030030
Krishnamoorthy V, Anitha John A, Bhaumik S, Paleu V. Mapping Acoustic Frictional Properties of Self-Lubricating Epoxy-Coated Bearing Steel with Acoustic Emissions during Friction Test. Technologies. 2024; 12(3):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12030030
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrishnamoorthy, Venkatasubramanian, Ashvita Anitha John, Shubrajit Bhaumik, and Viorel Paleu. 2024. "Mapping Acoustic Frictional Properties of Self-Lubricating Epoxy-Coated Bearing Steel with Acoustic Emissions during Friction Test" Technologies 12, no. 3: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12030030
APA StyleKrishnamoorthy, V., Anitha John, A., Bhaumik, S., & Paleu, V. (2024). Mapping Acoustic Frictional Properties of Self-Lubricating Epoxy-Coated Bearing Steel with Acoustic Emissions during Friction Test. Technologies, 12(3), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12030030