Laboratory Study on the Water-Soluble Polymer as a Self-Curing Compound for Cement Concrete Roads in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methodology
2.1. Material
2.1.1. Cement
2.1.2. Aggregates
2.1.3. Fine Aggregate
2.1.4. Potable Water
2.1.5. Polyethylene Glycol PEG-600
2.2. Mix Design
- -
- Mean design strength of concrete (fm) = fmin + K.S
- -
- Mean design strength of concrete (fm) = 40 + (1.65 × 5.6) = 49.25 N/mm2
- -
- Water cement ratio (W/C) = 0.40 non-air-entrained concrete for road pavement
- -
- Cement content (W/0.40) = (180/0.40) = 450 kg per one m3 of concrete
2.2.1. Determination of the Coarse Aggregates (C.A.)
- -
- Weight of C.A. = (0.69 × 1700) kg per one m3 of concrete
- -
- Weight of C.A. = 1173 kg per one m3 of concrete
2.2.2. Determination of the Fine Aggregates (F.A.)
2.2.3. Calculation of PEG Weights
2.2.4. Preparation of Test Specimens
Test Procedures
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Flexural Strength
3.3. Split Tensile Test
3.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Test
3.3.2. Analysis of Cost–Benefits
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Name of the Test | Result Obtained | Remarks/Standards |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Fineness range of cement | 1.5–10 microns | Acceptable as per ASTM C786 17 standards [23] |
2 | Normal consistency | 31% | ASTM C187-11E1 [24] |
3 | Initial and final setting time of cement | 27 min and 8 h | Acceptable as per ASTM C-191 standards [25]. |
4 | Specific gravity (Sp.gr) | 3.15 | Acceptable as per ASTM C128-15 [26]. |
5 | Soundness | 3 mm | ASTM C151 [27] |
6 | Compressive strength | 43 N/mm2 | ASTM C109/C109M-02 [28] |
No. | Properties of Aggregate | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Test Followed |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Average flakiness ratio | 0.62 | ||
2 | Flakiness index | 7.3% | ||
3 | Elongation index | 12% | ||
4 | Elongation ratio | 1.3 | ASTM 4791-10 [30] | |
5 | Impact value | 12% | ||
6 | Crushing value | 16% | IS: 2386 (Part IV)–1963 [31] | |
7 | Sphericity | 0.65 | ASTM D5821-01, 2017 [32] | |
8 | Shape factor | 0.64 | ASTM D 3398-97 [33] | |
9 | Bulk density | 1618 kg/m3 | 1625 kg/m3 | ASTM C29 / C29M-17a [34] ASTM C1252-17 [35] |
10 | Water absorption test | 1.35% | 2.0% | ASTM C127–15 [36] |
11 | Specific gravity | 2.625 | 2.710 | ASTM C127–15 [36] |
No. | Properties of PEG-600 | Result |
---|---|---|
1 | Molecular weight | 570–630 g/mol. |
2 | Color | Clear Fluid |
3 | Hydroxyl value, mg KOH/g | 178.0–197.0 |
4 | Density | 1.13 kg/cm3 |
5 | Water (Karl Fischer) | 0.5% max |
6 | pH at 5% | 4.5–7.5 |
7 | Solubility | Soluble in water |
8 | Free EO (ethylene oxide), | 10.0 ppm max. |
9 | Specific gravity | 1.12 |
10 | Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol | 0.2% max |
11 | Odor | Mild odor |
12 | Viscosity @ 20 °F | 9.9–11.3 |
13 | Flashpoint | 4 °C to 8 °C |
14 | Heavy metals | 5 ppm. |
15 | Dioxane 1,4 | 10.0 ppm. |
16 | Molecular weight | 570–630 g/mol |
17 | Ash | 0.1% max |
Test | Values | Standards |
---|---|---|
Maximum size of aggregate | 25 mm | ACI 211.1-91 [39] |
Slump | 50 mm, 25 mm | ACI 211.1-91 [39] |
Water content | 180 kg/m3 | ACI 308R-01 [7] |
Air content | 1.5% | ACI 308R-01 [7] |
Materials | Unit | Quantity | Cement Concrete Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Cement | kg | 450 | 1.0 |
Fine Aggregate | kg | 590 | 1.31 |
Coarse Aggregate | kg | 1173 | 2.60 |
Water | Liters | 180 | 0.40 |
% of PEG | Cement in (kg/m3) | Weight of PEG in (kg/m3) | Total Wt. of Concrete in (kg/m3) (Cement + PEG + F.A. + C.A. + Water) |
---|---|---|---|
0% | 450 | 0.00 | 450 + 0.00 + 590 + 1173 + 180 = 2393.00 |
0.5 | 450 | 2.25 | 450 + 2.25 + 590 + 1173 + 180 = 2395.25 |
1.0 | 450 | 4.5 | 450 + 4.50 + 590 + 1173 + 180 = 2397.50 |
1.5 | 450 | 6.75 | 450 + 6.75 + 590 + 1173 + 180 = 2399.75 |
Test | Conventional Concrete | Self-Curing PEG-600 Concrete | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Workability M40 | Without PEG- 600 | PEG-600: 0.5% | PEG-600: 1% | PEG-600: 1.5% |
Slump in (mm) | 62 | 78 | 99 | 121 |
Compaction factor | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.92 |
Type of Concrete | Water Required for Curing Process of 1 m3 Concrete | Cost of Water Per Liter (ETB) | Labor Cost for Conventional Curing Process of 1 m3 (Number of Laborers × Labor Cost Per Day) (C = Labor Cost) or Self-Curing Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-600) Concrete-(Number of Liters × Cost) (C = Cost of PEG-600/L) | The Total Cost Required for 1 m3 of Concrete (ETB) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(A = Liters of water) | (B = Cost of water/liter) | (C = Labor cost) | X = (A × B) + (C) | |
Conventional concrete | 3000 | 0.60 | 5 × 350 | 1800 + 1750 = 2850 |
Self-curing Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 600) concrete | 180 | 0.60 | 3.20 × 500 | 108 + 1600 = 1708 |
The Cost saved by using self-curing PEG 600 for 1 m3 of concrete (ETB) = 1142 |
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Chandrakasu, M.; Suthandhiram, K.; Garoma, S.; Merea, B.; Sethuraman, B. Laboratory Study on the Water-Soluble Polymer as a Self-Curing Compound for Cement Concrete Roads in Ethiopia. Technologies 2022, 10, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10040080
Chandrakasu M, Suthandhiram K, Garoma S, Merea B, Sethuraman B. Laboratory Study on the Water-Soluble Polymer as a Self-Curing Compound for Cement Concrete Roads in Ethiopia. Technologies. 2022; 10(4):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10040080
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandrakasu, Makendran, Karunanidhi Suthandhiram, Shiferaw Garoma, Bekesha Merea, and Balaguru Sethuraman. 2022. "Laboratory Study on the Water-Soluble Polymer as a Self-Curing Compound for Cement Concrete Roads in Ethiopia" Technologies 10, no. 4: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10040080