Preparing Pharmacists to Care for Patients Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Educational Module
- Increase knowledge and awareness of intimate partner violence (IPV).
- Identify the impact IPV has on patient health and health care utilization.
- Identify misinformation about IPV.
- Prepare for how to handle a patient who discloses IPV in the pharmacy setting.
- Identify two follow-up strategies to increase your capacity to respond to patients exposed to IPV.
2.3. Participants
2.4. Measurement Tools
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics and Prior IPV Training Experience
3.2. Module Evaluation
3.3. PREMIS for Pharmacists Scales
3.4. Pharmacists’ Perspectives on IPV and Pharmacy Practice
3.5. Positive Steps toward Change
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scales | Total Items | Sample Items | Response Scoring |
---|---|---|---|
BACKGROUND | |||
Perceived Preparation | 12 | How prepared do you feel to appropriately respond to disclosures of abuse? | Not prepared (1) to Quite well prepared (7) |
Perceived Knowledge | 16 | How much do you feel you know about what questions to ask to identify Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)? | Nothing (1) to Very much (7) |
Actual Knowledge | 18 | What is the strongest single risk factor for being a victim of IPV? | True/False and Multiple choice; Possible range 6–32 |
OPINIONS | |||
Efficacy—workplace/self | 7 | I feel comfortable discussing IPV with my patients. My practice setting allows me adequate time to response to victims of IPV. | Strong disagree (1) to Strongly agree (7) |
Preparation | 3 | I don’t have the necessary skills to discuss abuse with an IPV victims who is female. | Strong disagree (1) to Strongly agree (7) |
Legal Requirements | 3 | I am aware of the legal requirements in this state regarding reporting of suspected cases of IPV. | Strong disagree (1) to Strongly agree (7) |
Alcohol & Drugs | 2 | Use of alcohol or drugs is related to IPV victimization. | Strong disagree (1) to Strongly agree (7) |
Constraints | 3 | Pharmacists do not have the time to assist patients in addressing IPV. | Strong disagree (1) to Strongly agree (7) |
Characteristic | % (n) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Female | 52.8% (19) |
Male | 47.2% (17) |
Race | |
White | 83.3% (30) |
African American/Black | 0 |
Asian | 11.1% (4) |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0 |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0 |
Other | 5.6% (2) |
Hispanic or Latino | 0 |
Age, mean (SD) | 44.72 (10.48) |
Most advanced pharmacy training | |
B.S. Pharmacy | 52.8% (19) |
PharmD | 41.7% (15) |
M.S. Pharmacy | 5.6% (2) |
Residency/Fellowship | 0 |
Years practicing pharmacy | 20.00 (11.69) |
Characteristic | % (n) | |
---|---|---|
Type of pharmacy | ||
Chain/retail | 52.8% (19 | |
Independent | 44.4% (16 | |
Hospital Institutionalsetting | 5.6% (2) | |
Specialty pharmacy | 0 | |
Other (outpatient hospital pharmacy) | 2.8% (1) | |
Offers advanced pharmacy services | ||
Yes | 77.8% (28) | |
No | 22.2% (8) | |
Average number of fills per day in your pharmacy | 268.75 (192.94) |
Training Experience | % (n) |
---|---|
None | 80.6% (29) |
Read institution’s protocol | 8.3% (3) |
Watched a video | 11.1% (4) |
Attended a lecture/talk | 8.3% (3) |
Attended skills-based training/workshop | 2.8% (1) |
Pharmacy/other school classroom workshop | 0 |
Pharmacy/other school clinical training | 5.6% (2) |
Residency/fellowship/post-grad training | 0 |
Continuing education | 5.6% (2) |
Other | 0 |
Total hours of IPV-related training, Mean (SD) | 3.14 (1.8) |
Item | % Strongly Agreed (n) | % Agreed (n) |
---|---|---|
I learned new information from this module | 63.9% (23) | 36.1% (13) |
The information was presented in a logical sequence | 77.8% (28) | 22.2% (8) |
The information presented was relevant to pharmacists | 72.2% (26) | 27.8% (10) |
I found the module to be valuable to my general knowledge as a practitioner | 75.0% (27) | 25.0% (9) |
PREMIS for Pharmacists Scales | PRE | POST | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Range | α | Mean (SD) | Range | α | ||
BACKGROUND Scales | |||||||
Perceived Preparation | 25.56 (13.27) | 12–56 | 0.976 | 35.86 (15.51) | 12–75 | 0.977 | <0.001 |
Perceived Knowledge | 38.00 (18.29) | 16–100 | 0.977 | 56.81 (18.99) | 22–97 | 0.975 | <0.001 |
Actual Knowledge | 21.11 (4.53) | 10–29 | n/a | 21.86 (5.91) | 9–30 | n/a | 0.46 |
OPINION Scales | |||||||
Work/Self-efficacy | 2.98 (0.96) | 1.29–5.14 | 0.770 | 3.34 (0.90) | 1.00–5.43 | 0.778 | <0.05 |
Preparation | 2.91 (1.27) | 1–6 | 0.971 | 3.68 (1.18) | 1–6 | 0.874 | <0.05 |
Legal Requirements | 3.42 (1.75) | 1–7 | 0.942 | 4.45 (1.39) | 1–7 | 0.910 | <0.001 |
Alcohol and Drugs | 4.61 (0.96) | 2.5–7 | 0.653 | 4.28 (1.14) | 2.5–7 | 0.753 | 0.39 |
Constraints | 3.82 (1.15) | 1.33–6.00 | 0.607 | 4.02 (1.10) | 1.67–5.67 | 0.678 | 0.39 |
Item | PRE % (n) | POST % (n) |
---|---|---|
Practice setting has a protocol for managing IPV | 0 | 16.7% (6) |
Provided information (phone numbers, pamphlets, other information) to patient | 8.3% (3) | 8.3% (3) |
Counseled patient about options s/he may have | 5.6% (2) | 8.3% (3) |
Conducted safety assessment for the victim | 2.8% (1) | 2.8% (1) |
Conducted safety assessment for the victim’s children | 0 | 2.8% (1) |
Helped patient develop a personal safety plan | 0 | 0 |
Referred patient to other assistance (i.e., therapy, law enforcement, hotline, support group) | 5.6% (2) | 5.6% (2) |
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Barnard, M.; White, A.; Bouldin, A. Preparing Pharmacists to Care for Patients Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Pharmacy 2020, 8, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020100
Barnard M, White A, Bouldin A. Preparing Pharmacists to Care for Patients Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Pharmacy. 2020; 8(2):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020100
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarnard, Marie, Aaron White, and Alicia Bouldin. 2020. "Preparing Pharmacists to Care for Patients Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence" Pharmacy 8, no. 2: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020100
APA StyleBarnard, M., White, A., & Bouldin, A. (2020). Preparing Pharmacists to Care for Patients Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Pharmacy, 8(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020100