Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Main Body
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.2. Generalities and Extraction Methods
2.3. Composition
2.4. Applications
Dental Disease | EOs | Therapeutic Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Dental cavities | Clove oil Sesame oil Cinnamon oil Sumac oil Citrus oil | antibacterial antimicrobial antifungal anticariogenic antiadhesion properties | [37,59,61,62] |
Periodontitis | Clove oil Lavender oil Lemongrass oil Eucalyptus oil | anti-inflammatory antibiofilm growth effect | [15,28,37,63] |
Dental pain | Lavender oil Clove oil | anxiolytic analgesic-like effect anti-inflammatory | [37,64,65,66] |
Oral cancer | Clove oil Cinnamon oil | anti-inflammatory antimutagenic cytotoxic immunomodulatory | [67,68,69,70] |
2.5. Therapeutic Properties
2.6. Uses of EOs as Products in Dentistry
2.6.1. Oral Hygiene Adjuncts
2.6.2. Anxiolytics
2.6.3. Wound Dressing
2.6.4. Dental Implants and Periodontics
2.6.5. Odontology and Prosthodontics
2.6.6. Endodontics
2.6.7. Preservatives
2.7. Toxicity
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Supercritical fluids extraction | A supercritical fluid is a substance maintained above its maximum pressure and temperature, and by adjusting these two, it is possible to manipulate the fluid’s viscosity and density. | [29] |
Subcritical fluids extraction | It has lower temperatures and pressure, environmental compatibility, shorter extraction time, and good selectivity. | [30] |
Hydrodistillation | Plants are placed in a distiller mixed with water; by heating it, the oil will vaporize with the water vapors. | [26] |
Steam distillation | There is a steam generator that passes through the plant before condensation. | [11,31] |
Hydrodiffusion | The plants are soaked in the solvent before extraction, and the solvent is evaporated afterward. | [32] |
Solvent extraction | Produces an oil extract by having different vapor pressures. | [33,34] |
Solvent-free microwave extraction | Microwaves are used to heat the sample’s surface and to promote structural changes. | [35] |
EOs | Compounds with Antimicrobial Effect | Inhibited Microorganism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Thyme oil | Thymol P-cymene Linalool | S. aureus | [47,48] |
Clove oil | Eugenol Eugenol acetate Caryophylene | C. albicans | [21,49,50] |
Lavender oil | Linalool Terpineol Caryophyllene Limonene Pinene | S. aureus C. albicans E. coli | [28,51,52] |
Cinnamon oil | Cinnamaldehyde Eugenol Linalool | S. aureus S. sobrinus S. mutans L. acidophilus C. albicans P. gingivalis E. coli | [53,54] |
Eucalyptus oil | Pinene Limonene Terpineol | S. aureus S. mutans | [55,56] |
Lemon oil | Pinene Caryophyllene Linalool Citral Terpineol Limonene | C. albicans S. aureus E. coli | [55,57,58] |
EOs | Therapeutic Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
Clove oil | antibacterial antiseptic antiviral improves halitosis prevents periodontitis reduces dental pain | [41,50,56] |
Lavender oil | antibacterial antiseptic anxiolytic reduces dental pain | [8,15,28] |
Cinnamon oil | anti-inflammatory antifungal antiseptic | [54,118,119] |
Eucalyptus oil | anti-carcinogenic antibacterial antiviral cytotoxic | [15,37,56,120] |
Tea tree oil | alleviates bleeding gums antibacterial decreases tooth decay | [37,121] |
Ylang-ylang oil | anti-inflammatory antibacterial antianxiety | [37,122,123] |
Lemon oil | antibacterial antifungal decreases tooth decay promotes tissue growth reduces halitosis | [37,38,57,58] |
Coconut oil | antimicrobial reduces plaque adherence | [37,106] |
Spearmint oil | improves halitosis soothes mouth tissues | [56,124] |
Curcuma oil | anti-inflammatory antimicrobial antiviral | [89,125,126] |
Citrus oil | antianxiety antimicrobial decreases tooth decay reduces plaque adherence | [96,124,127] |
EOs from propolis residues | antibacterial antimicrobial antioxidant | [128,129] |
Thyme oil | antifungal antiviral (HSV1 virus) bacteriostatic | [28,47,130,131] |
Sesame oil | antifungal antimicrobial antiviral reduces plaque adherence | [106,111] |
Rosemary oil | anti-inflammatory antitumor antiviral bacteriostatic | [23,132,133] |
Peppermint oil | antibacterial antimicrobial antiviral reduces plaque adherence | [56,125,134] |
Toxic Compound | Effect | Toxic Dose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Pulegone | hepatotoxic irritant carcinogenic | >460 mg/bw/day | [9,24] |
Methyl eugenol | carcinogenic genotoxic | >37 mg/kg bw/day | [9,67] |
Eugenol | genotoxic allergic contact dermatitis asthma rhinitis | >35 mg/kg bw | [8,9,67] |
Camphor | gastrointestinal disorders neurotoxic seizures | >30 mg/kg bw | [9] |
Thujone | neurotoxic | >25 mg/kg bw | [9,58] |
Limonene | irritant carcinogenic nephrotoxic | >500 mg/kg bw/day | [38,50,58,90] |
Linalool | ataxia narcosis | >2.79 g/kg/day | [58] |
Terpinene | mutagenic | >3.65 g/kg/day | [58] |
Pinene | irritant | >5 g/kg/day | [58] |
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Radu, C.-M.; Radu, C.C.; Bochiș, S.-A.; Arbănași, E.M.; Lucan, A.I.; Murvai, V.R.; Zaha, D.C. Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome. Pharmacy 2023, 11, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11010033
Radu C-M, Radu CC, Bochiș S-A, Arbănași EM, Lucan AI, Murvai VR, Zaha DC. Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome. Pharmacy. 2023; 11(1):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11010033
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadu, Casandra-Maria, Carmen Corina Radu, Sergiu-Alin Bochiș, Emil Marian Arbănași, Alexandra Ioana Lucan, Viorela Romina Murvai, and Dana Carmen Zaha. 2023. "Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome" Pharmacy 11, no. 1: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11010033
APA StyleRadu, C.-M., Radu, C. C., Bochiș, S.-A., Arbănași, E. M., Lucan, A. I., Murvai, V. R., & Zaha, D. C. (2023). Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome. Pharmacy, 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11010033