Human–Environment Natural Disasters Interconnection in China: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Droughts
3.2. Floods
3.3. Landslides
3.4. Extreme Weather
4. Final Remarks and Outlook on Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Script of Extraction |
---|---|
1. Extreme Weather Events (subject environment and human) | (TITLE-ABS*-KEY (extreme AND weather AND event in China)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, "Environment and Human")) |
2. Extreme Weather Events (Mitigation and Adaptations) | (TITLE-ABS-KEY (extreme AND weather event in China)) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY (Adaptation and Mitigation)) |
Location | Events | Cause | Consequence | Mitigation and Adaptation Measure | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Human | |||||
Yunnan Province | 2009 and 2010 | A reduction in precipitation and abnormal high temperature. | Severe water shortages dried up lakes, exposed desiccated aquatic animals, and affected 39.94 million hectares of crops. | Shortage of drinking water 9.65 million residents Almost 135 million people dead, 0.69 million USD indirect economic loss in agriculture, and 97 million livestock dead. | Long-term adaptation techniques, for example, awareness-raising, capacity building, watershed management, and conservation of resources, need to be reinforced at the local level. | [34,60,66,67] |
Heilongjiang province | 2010 | Natural characteristic indicator of precipitation, and the human activity characteristic index including effective irrigation area, sown area. | Drought affected grain product. | They were not reported. | The significant extension of the sown region and the reduced irrigation water together in the active irrigation region exacerbated drought growth. | [55] |
Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Province | 2001 | Because of geographical location and impacted by climate disaster. | They were not reported. | Approximately 890 million yuan economic loss per year. | The effect of drought on maize yield accurately and building a multi-hazard evaluation model to evaluate meteorological risks, and their impact on yield is crucial for future research. | [43] |
Shaanxi Province | 2012 | High rate and level of loss in agricultural production. | Water shortage crop failure. | Locust plagues. | Using the cross-base predictor selection method, the XG Boost model demonstrated the best predictive capabilities. | [27] |
Yangtze River | 2005 and 2011 | Severe climate conditions. | Damaged eco-environment. | Socio-economic consequences. | Scaling down the GRACE information to a finer-scaled resolution dependent on a soil surface model and after that, using downscaled information to explore the spatial variations in the characterization of hydrological drought. | [54,68,69], |
Mid-eastern China | 2006 | Uneven spatial distribution of precipitation caused by the East Asian monsoon climate. | Affected crops, grassland, and deciduous broadleaf forest. | The Integrated Surface Drought Index (ISDI) was established as a fresh technique. | [63] | |
Southwest China | 2005,2006 and 2012 | Climate change geomorphology and mountainous topography alteration. | Caused the maize production to decrease by 4.7%. | Lack of freshwater for people. | Comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal variation from a climatic perspective based on multiple drought indices to improve the accuracy of recognized drought events. | [35,70] |
China | 2006, 2009 to 2010, and 2017 | Monsoon climate change. | Affected agriculture, water availability, and ecosystems. Grain loss of 16.26 billion kilograms. | Impacts on the economy and society. | The Palmer Drought Severity Index high-accuracy self-calibration to explore the drought variation in China. | [71] |
North China plane | 2012 and 2009 | Climate change. | Crop yield loss of 157 million acres of farmland being affected. | Drought indices were used to develop the North China Plain (NCP) aggregate drought index (ADI) to evaluate the impact of drought on crop yield. | [44,62] | |
Songnen Plain | 2000 and 2012 | Agricultural drought disaster type. | Crops. | Lack of food for the people. | Verify and evaluate the applicability of this recently proposed soil water deficit index (MSWDI) to monitor agricultural drought to advance the management of agricultural water. | [72] |
Tarim River Basin | 2009 | Climate change. | The severe loss of oasis agriculture. | Modelling the connection between ecological water supply and irrigation water supply through the Community Land Model-Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model (CLM-DTVGM) and a copula feature. | [12] | |
Southwestern China | 2009 and 2011 | Climate change. | Declined vegetation productivity, increased tree impermanence. The 2011 summer drought dried up more than 1500 small reservoirs affecting about 2.5 million ha farmland. | Drinking water shortages for 9.65 million people, 21 million people lacked drinking water, and economic losses reached almost 30 billion USD. | The resistance of vegetation growth to drought must be recognized by integrating field measurements and satellite observations. | [73,74] |
Shaanxi, Qinghai, and Guangdong | 2009 and 2011 | Climate change. | Crop yields. | They were not reported. | Increasing education and social capital improve farmers’ capacity to adapt and the policy of strengthening community assets to adapt to extreme weather events. | [7] |
Northeast China | 2001 and 2014 | High fluctuation in monthly rainfall. | Northeast China was attacked by drought in 2001, and the drought area reached 3.75 million hectares in the Heilongjiang region, and 2.7 million hectares in Jilin Province of which the area attacked severely by drought was 2.04 million hectares. | It was causing a significant economic loss. | Three indices are the Standardized Monthly Precipitation Anomaly Percentage (NPA), the Vegetation Health Index (VHI), and the Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI.) Three broad indices use precise and efficient tracking of drought is very important for ensuring grain production. | [65] |
Pearl River basin | 2016 | Precipitation anomalies. | They were not reported. | They were not reported. | The response of extreme hydro-climates to El Niño can give useful data to enhance flood forecasting and drought in China. | [52] |
Weihe River Basin, Gansu Province | 2004 | Climate changes. | They were not reported. | They were not reported. | Temperature impacts on hydrological droughts cannot be overlooked and have indirect effects (rainfall patterns) and direct (evaporation and runoff generation). | [64] |
Southeast China | 2014 and 2015 | Climate change. | They were not reported. | They were not reported. | The asymmetric response to drought between autotrophic soil respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic soil respiration (Rh) should be taken into consideration when predicting ecosystem Creation to future drought occurrences. | [75] |
Poyang lake-catchment-river system | 2011 | Significantly low precipitation. | They were not reported. | They were not reported. | Adaptation strategy to mitigate the worsening condition of the Poyang lake-catchment-river scheme should be created as a matter of urgency. | [68] |
Location | Events | Cause | Consequence | Mitigation and Adaptation Measure | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Human | |||||
Liaoning Province | 2012 | Heavy rain. | Not reported. | 36 deaths. | Structural measures, for example, the construction of reservoirs for flood control and the regular maintenance of riverbeds and banks, are regarded as critical. Equally essential are non-structural measures, including emergency planning. | [53] |
Huaihe River | 2003 and 2007 | Unique natural future. | Sixteen million hectares of arable land flooded by floods; 3.17 million hectares were cultivated land in the Yangtze River basin. | Cause migration and thus resettlement issues and direct economic loss. | Building flood structures can cause risk propagation, so we must correctly treat risk propagation; various regions must share flood risk plans and build mechanisms for flood risk compensation and flood insurance. | [24,77] |
Anhui Province, Jiangsu, and Guangxi | 2004, 2005, 2012, 2016, and 2017 | Heavy rainfall. | 1120-thousand-hectare crop area was devastated. | 12.8 million people were 34 people killed; the direct economic loss was assessed to be 8.25 billion US dollars. | It is recommended that local public health organizations create intervention programs to avoid and control the danger of diarrhea when a significant flood happens, particularly in the regions close to water bodies and among vulnerable communities. | [9,13,25,78,79,80] |
Wuhan | 2016 | Heavy rainstorm. | 32,160 ha of crops and vegetables were destroyed. | Fourteen people died, and one person went missing. A total of 757 000 people was resettled, and 5 848 houses were warped. Economic losses were assessed to be higher than 22.65 billion RMB (3.3 billion USD). | It is suggested that the Sponge City (SPC) idea be implemented to replace traditional green infrastructure. | [23,81] |
Fujian Province | 2013 | Typhoon Fitow, massive rainfall reservoirs, and drainage systems were already at a high level. | It affected three million people and cost over 0.33 billion US$. | Linking the flood model to real-time predictions of rainfall and tide would enable the computation of flood probability in real-time and thus take effective action to decrease flood effects. | [10] | |
Guangzhou | 2010 and 2014 | Extreme rainfall event. | Caused many streets to become inundated. | It was leading to severe transport disorder. | It is also suggested that urban flooding records in areas with flood danger be collected regularly so that more suitable policies and interventions can be established to mitigate urban flooding. | [23] |
Xinjiang Province | 2010 | Human damaged was very severe, with some 3200 fatalities nationwide and a thousand missing. | Seventy-nine fatalities and 11.6 billion CN¥ (1.85 billion US$, in 2012 exchange rate) losses. | China has embarked on an ambitious and vigorous task of improving flood preparedness through both structural (“hard”) and non-structural ("soft"), measures, including flood retention and urban water management to mitigate flash and urban flood burdens. | [23,81] |
Location | Events | Cause | Consequence | Mitigation and Adaptation Measure | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Human | |||||
Zhouqu County | 2010 and 2013 | Slope deformation Substantial erosion and an active fault zone. | They were not reported. | They were not reported. | Developing empirical models to predict landslides events. The time series of slope deformation has a robust correlation with the area’s precipitation. | [51,89] |
China | 2000, 2005, 2014, and 2015 | Increase in extreme precipitation in China Earthquakes. | Property and Environmental damage and over 1700 dead. | The interactions between rainfall and topography, soil lithology, vegetation, and population density are closer to the spatial distribution of deadly landslides than each factor. | [56,57,90] | |
Sichuan Province | 2008, 2013, and 2017 | Lushan earthquake, a sharp shock happened. | The avalanche also blocked roads and the Songpinggou River. | Ten thousand nine hundred and ninety-six total deaths, approximately 690 fatalities per year 120 deaths from 2000–2015. | Ground motion is the basic triggering impact for these landslides and is thus the central control the distribution of landslides. | [11,49,58,59,87,88,91,92,93,94] |
Three Gorges Reservoir Area | 2014 and 2003 | Moreover, the reservoir water level reached its maximum level of 175 m, and substantial rainfall-induced landslide deformation occurred. | They were not reported. | Two hundred and seventeen fatalities; 13,484 persons were injured, and about 193,000 houses were destroyed. It was estimated that the total economic losses exceeded 50 billion Yuan. Extensive damage to housing settlements and irrigation channels. Highways and bridges were also blocked and destroyed; several cities were isolated. | The effect of filling reservoir water on landslide stability will shift from favorable to worse, and the effect of the water drawn from the reservoir on the landslide stability will alter from worse to better if the water fluctuation rate of the reservoir is less than or equal to the coefficient of permeability, the effect, and trend of the landslide development will be more evident. | [95,96] |
Jiangliu Village on the South Jingyang tableland | 2016 | Soft foundation impact liquefaction became the primary reason that the landslide occurred. | Affected farmland. | Seriously threatens people’s safety and property | Large pores within the slope and the vertical joints were preferential infiltration passages for irrigation water, and landslides in the flow stated that the ground layer in the reduced portion of the slope before the landslide was in a completely saturated condition. | [83] |
Guangchang area Jiangxi province | Last ten years | Heavy rainfall. | They were not reported. | It has impacted 1392 people, including some killed, made homeless, among others. | Consequently, the outcome shows that the J48 Decision Tree (JDT) with Rotation Forest is the best-optimized model and can be regarded as a successful technique for mapping landslide susceptibility for greater precision in comparable instances. | [97] |
Shenzhen | 2015 | Construction solid waste. | Had catastrophic consequences. | Buried or pushed over 33 buildings in its path, namely, 24 workshops, three dormitory buildings, and six residential buildings, and caused 73 deaths and 17 injures. | The reasonable agreement between the damage observed and the simulation presented by the procedural analysis provides evidence indicating the usefulness of both the model of dilatancy used to study the landslide movement and the method of dynamic finite element analysis implemented to the exposed structure. | [84] |
Wuyuan area | 2014 | Numerous rainfall | Not reported. | A total of 2115 people is affected. The economic loss of 4 million USD; destroyed homes and agriculture | A decision support instrument could use the results of this research to implement infrastructure security plans and risk reduction initiatives effectively. | [97] |
Yunnan | 2014 and 2003 | Ludian earthquake Seismogenic fault. Shallow slope failures and rock or soil slides | It blocked the Niulan river creating a reservoir that had a high likelihood of landslide dam failure and subsequent downstream flood. | Created an elevated risk to the population, and effective emergency mitigation measures were carried out, the risk of dam break was decreased significantly. | The properties of the "best-fit" input strength are equivalent, but not the actual power of the displaced material or the adjacent stable base rock. | [8,98] |
Qinba Mountains, southern Shaanxi Province western China | 2010 | Geological factors and precipitation. | Not reported. | 29 deaths | 3D analyses utilizing 3DEC can well represent the block kinematics of instability; the impact of rainfall was modeled on the numerical analysis by decreasing the strengths of the joints to defined values. Therefore, 3D numerical results are still limited. | [82] |
Yellow River in China. | 2009 | Revealing an acceleration of deformation after the impoundment of the reservoir | Not reported. | They were not reported. | Quantitative validation based on ground-real-time information, track landslides and invert slide depth based on the 3D displacement field. | [99] |
Nayong, Guizhou, China | 2017 and 2010 | Disastrous rock avalanche occurred heavy rainfall | The landslide involved the failure of about 985,000 m3 of sandstone from the source area. The displaced materials traveled about 1300 m with a descent of about 400 m, covering an area of 129,000 m2, with the final volume 1,840,000 m3, approximately. | Killed 35 people and destroyed 23 houses. | Techniques combined the DAN3D model with seismic signal and captured video could give useful rheological models and parameters for predicting rock avalanche comparable geological characteristics to the recorded events. | [14,50] |
Yueqing of Zhejiang Province | 2004 | Typhoon | Not reported. | Forty-two deaths, 288 collapse houses, and direct economic loss of 3,830,000 RMB. | The findings of coarse resolution information may also be acceptable if information resolution is near to the mean landslide magnitude. This technique can also be adopted when obtaining high-resolution information is hard or very costly. | [100] |
Loess Plateau | 2001 | Environmental condition. | Impacts on natural vegetation. | They were not reported. | Natural regeneration at the bottom and center of the landslide was more efficient, which disclosed that modifications in topography could influence revegetation. The seed bank was regarded to be a significant variable influencing natural regeneration in the soil. | [85] |
Shenzhen, Guangdong, south-eastern China | 2015 | Slope failure | Not reported. | Seventy-seven people were dead, and 33 buildings that were directly in the path of the landslide were buried or damaged. | Use the DAN3D technique to split the route of movement, pick the designs, and enter the parameters. | [101] |
Wenchuan | 2008 | Earthquake area is situated in seismic belt and mountainous with steep topography and high erosion features | Not reported. | They were not reported. | Human engineering operations may boost the probability of landslides; therefore, tourism-related human engineering operations in landslide susceptibility studies should not be overlooked. | [48] |
Gansu | 2010 | Heavy rainfall | Not reported. | Killed 1287 people. | The forecast capacity assessment indicates that the two distinct maps of susceptibility and the ultimate embedded map of vulnerability to landslides could also be used as urgent reaction measures for scheduling spatial development. | [47] |
Shenzhen | 2016 | Deep geological and geomorphological fractures. | They were not reported. | Killed 77 people. | Certain factors, such as flood releases (which are state-regulated), should be considered. However, the variables that can lead to abrupt declines in the reservoir level, which causes landslide deformation to remain unsure. | [86] |
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Ali, R.; Kuriqi, A.; Kisi, O. Human–Environment Natural Disasters Interconnection in China: A Review. Climate 2020, 8, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8040048
Ali R, Kuriqi A, Kisi O. Human–Environment Natural Disasters Interconnection in China: A Review. Climate. 2020; 8(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8040048
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Rawshan, Alban Kuriqi, and Ozgur Kisi. 2020. "Human–Environment Natural Disasters Interconnection in China: A Review" Climate 8, no. 4: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8040048