Forecasted Changes in West Africa Photovoltaic Energy Output by 2045
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Effects of Climate Changes on PV Energy Production Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Projected Radiation and Temperature
3.2. Impact on PV Output Energy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N° | Name | Size | Location | Cost |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 * | Solar Power Plant 1 | 5.9 MW | Kandi, Northern region of Benin | €17.8 million |
2 * | Solar Power Plant 2 | 5 MW | Djougou, Northern region of Benin | Not specified |
3 ** | Zagtouli Plant | 22 MW | Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso | Not specified |
4 ** | Nzema Solar PV park | 155 MW | Awoso, Ghana | Not specified |
5 * | Togo Solar Power Plant | 5 MW | Kara, Northern region of Togo | Not specified |
6 * | Gambia Solar PV | 20 MW | Birkama, West Coast region of Gambia | $42 million |
7 * | Ghana Solar PV | 12 MW | Not specified | €30 million |
8 ** | Tenergie Senegal PV project | 50 MW | Tailf, Darou and Merina, Senegal | Not specified |
9 ** | Ivory Coast Scatec Solar PV park | 45 MW | North Ivory Coast | Not specified |
10 ** | Akuo Energy Mali Solar Projects | 41 MW | Kita, Kangaba, Mali | Not specified |
Institute ID | Global Climate Model Name | Model Short Name | References for Each of the Models |
---|---|---|---|
NOAA–GFDL | GFDL–ESM2M | NOAA | [31] |
NCC | NorESM1–M | NCC | [32] |
MPI–M | MPI-ESM–LR | MPI | [33] |
MIROC | MIROC5 | MIROC | [34] |
IPSL | IPSL–CM5A–MR | IPSL | [35] |
ICHEC | EC–EARTH | ICHEC | [36] |
CNRM–CERFACS | CNRM–CM5 | CNRM | [37] |
CCCma | CanESM2 | CCCMA | [38] |
Countries | NOAA | NCC | MPI | MIROC | IPSL | ICHEC | CNRM | CCCMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benin | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.11 | −0.09 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.04 |
Cape Verde | −0.11 | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.18 | −0.07 | 0.17 | −0.09 | −0.08 |
Gambia | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.16 | −0.07 | ||
Ghana | −0.08 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.08 | 0.11 | −0.08 | |
Guinea | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.06 | 0.13 | −0.07 | |
Cote d’Ivoire | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.06 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.05 | |
Liberia | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.06 | ||
Mali | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.08 | 0.10 | −0.06 | −0.04 |
Niger | −0.09 | 0.10 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.05 |
Nigeria | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.10 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.10 | −0.05 |
Guinea-Bissau | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.18 | −0.07 | ||
Senegal | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.12 | −0.07 | ||
Sierra Leone | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.06 | ||
Togo | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.06 | 0.11 | -0.08 | |
Burkina Faso | −0.09 | 0.09 | −0.11 | −0.09 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.05 |
Countries | NOAA | NCC | MPI | MIROC | IPSL | ICHEC | CNRM | CCCMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benin | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Cape Verde | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Gambia | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Ghana | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Guinea | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Liberia | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Mali | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Niger | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Nigeria | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Senegal | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Sierra Leone | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Togo | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Burkina Faso | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
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Bazyomo, S.D.Y.B.; Agnidé Lawin, E.; Coulibaly, O.; Ouedraogo, A. Forecasted Changes in West Africa Photovoltaic Energy Output by 2045. Climate 2016, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040053
Bazyomo SDYB, Agnidé Lawin E, Coulibaly O, Ouedraogo A. Forecasted Changes in West Africa Photovoltaic Energy Output by 2045. Climate. 2016; 4(4):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040053
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazyomo, Serge Dimitri Yikwe Buri, Emmanuel Agnidé Lawin, Ousmane Coulibaly, and Abdoulaye Ouedraogo. 2016. "Forecasted Changes in West Africa Photovoltaic Energy Output by 2045" Climate 4, no. 4: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040053