Resilience of Chinese Ports to Tropical Cyclones: Operational Efficiency and Strategic Importance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Climate Change and Port Operations
2.2. Resilience in Maritime Logistics
2.3. Economic and Environmental Intersections
2.4. Research Gap
3. Methodology
3.1. Operation Efficiency Assessment
3.2. Port Importance Assessment
3.2.1. Degree Centrality
3.2.2. Betweenness Centrality
3.2.3. Closeness Centrality
3.2.4. Eigenvector Centrality
3.2.5. Core–Periphery Analysis
3.2.6. Entropy Weight Method
3.3. Comparative Resilience Analysis
4. Result
4.1. Sensitivity Analysis
4.2. Port Efficiency and Importance
4.3. Analysis of ROUC
5. Discussion
5.1. Discussion of the Results
5.2. Strategic Adaptation and Technological Integration
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Notteboom, T. Maritime transportation and seaports. In The Sage Handbook of Transport Studies; Sage Publication: London, UK, 2013; pp. 83–102. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.-W.; Song, D.-W.; Ducruet, C. A tale of Asia’s world ports: The spatial evolution in global hub port cities. Geoforum 2008, 39, 372–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettit, S.J.; Beresford, A.K.C. Port development: From gateways to logistics hubs. Marit. Policy Manag. 2009, 36, 253–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducruet, C. The geography of maritime networks: A critical review. J. Transp. Geogr. 2020, 88, 102824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, A.; Inoue, S.; Fischer, M.; Schwegler, B. Climate change impacts on international seaports: Knowledge, perceptions, and planning efforts among port administrators. Clim. Change 2012, 110, 5–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poo, M.C.-P.; Yang, Z.; Dimitriu, D.; Qu, Z.; Jin, Z.; Feng, X. Climate change risk indicators (CCRI) for seaports in the United Kingdom. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2021, 205, 105580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sondermann, M.; Chou, S.C.; Martins, R.G.; Amaro, L.C.; Gomes, R.d.O. Explosive Cyclone Impact on the Power Distribution Grid in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Climate 2024, 12, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Kane, T.J.; Frederiksen, J.S.; Frederiksen, C.S.; Horenko, I. Beyond the First Tipping Points of Southern Hemisphere Climate. Climate 2024, 12, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, P.T.-W.; Hu, Z.-H.; Lee, S.; Feng, X.; Notteboom, T. Strategic locations for logistics distribution centers along the Belt and Road: Explorative analysis and research agenda. Transp. Policy 2022, 116, 24–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, J.; Khan, R.U.; Wang, X.; Asad, M. A data-centered multi-factor seaport disruption risk assessment using Bayesian networks. Ocean Eng. 2024, 308, 118338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ying, M.; Zhang, W.; Yu, H.; Lu, X.; Feng, J.; Fan, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, D. An overview of the China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone database. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2014, 31, 287–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cullinane, K.; Teng, Y.; Wang, T.-F. Port competition between Shanghai and Ningbo. Marit. Policy Manag. 2005, 32, 331–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.-B.; Oh, Y.-S. A research on competition and cooperation between Shanghai port and Ningbo-Zhoushan port. Asian J. Shipp. Logist. 2010, 26, 67–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shan, P. Coastal landscape planning and design: A low-impact development–based study. J. Coast. Res. 2020, 106, 359–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watson, A. Junk Ownership and Operation in North China. In Transport in Transition: The Evolution of Traditional Shipping in China; University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2020; pp. 53–56. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, X.; Li, H. Developing the port hinterland: Different perspectives and their application to Shenzhen Port, China. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 2016, 19, 42–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, X.; Liu, L.; Wang, S. Evolving competition between Hong Kong and Shenzhen ports. Marit. Policy Manag. 2015, 42, 729–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Yang, Y.; Luo, Q.; Zeng, X.; Chen, C.; Zhu, J.; Lin, W.; Chen, H.; Huo, W.; He, M. Study on the Contribution of Seaport to Urban Economy: An Empirical and Quantitative Analysis of Xiamen Port. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, L.; Xu, P.; Shi, J.; Chen, J.; Zhen, H. Driving mechanism of port-city spatial relation evolution from an ecological perspective: Case study of Xiamen port of China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Fu, S.; Wang, L.; Huang, J. Evaluation of the Coupling Coordination Degree Between Yangpu Port and Qinzhou Port. In Proceedings of the 2023 7th International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety (ICTIS), Xi’an, China, 4–6 August 2023; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2023; pp. 1842–1847. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, C.; Yip, T.L.; Wu, B.; Lyu, J. Use of fuzzy fault tree analysis and Bayesian network for occurrence likelihood estimation of navigational accidents in the Qinzhou Port. Ocean Eng. 2022, 263, 112381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, A.H.; Acciaro, M.; Asariotis, R.; Cabrera, E.; Cretegny, L.; Crist, P.; Esteban, M.; Mather, A.; Messner, S.; Naruse, S. A note on climate change adaptation for seaports: A challenge for global ports, a challenge for global society. Clim. Change 2013, 120, 683–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ng, A.K.; Wang, T.; Yang, Z.; Li, K.X.; Jiang, C. How is business adapting to climate change impacts appropriately? Insight from the commercial port sector. J. Bus. Ethics 2018, 150, 1029–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poo, M.C.-P.; Yang, Z. Optimising the resilience of shipping networks to climate vulnerability. Marit. Policy Manag. 2024, 51, 15–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Liang, B.; Liu, F.; Wu, G.; Du, J.; Hou, H.; Li, A.; Shi, L. Demands and challenges for construction of marine infrastructures in China. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 2022, 16, 551–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verschuur, J.; Koks, E.; Hall, J. Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2020, 85, 102393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.-P.; Shih, B.-J.; Tu, M.-C. Study on the improvement of disaster resistance against tsunamis at Taiwan’s Keelung Port. Nat. Hazards 2022, 110, 1507–1526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Lam, J.S.L. Estimating the economic losses of port disruption due to extreme wind events. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2015, 116, 300–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, T.; Feng, H.; Poo, M.C.-P.; Lau, Y.-Y. Analysis of the Network Efficiency of Chinese Ports in Global Shipping under the Impacts of Typhoons. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- León-Mateos, F.; Sartal, A.; López-Manuel, L.; Quintas, M.A. Adapting our sea ports to the challenges of climate change: Development and validation of a Port Resilience Index. Mar. Policy 2021, 130, 104573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nursey-Bray, M.; Blackwell, B.; Brooks, B.; Campbell, M.L.; Goldsworthy, L.; Pateman, H.; Rodrigues, I.; Roome, M.; Wright, J.T.; Francis, J. Vulnerabilities and adaptation of ports to climate change. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2013, 56, 1021–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, J.S.d.; Parise, C.K.; Duarte, L.; Teodoro, A.C. Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Port Infrastructure Vulnerability to Climate Change (2012–2023): Key Indices, Influential Contributions, and Future Directions. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.J.; Ng, A.K.-Y.; Olivier, D. Port governance in China: A review of policies in an era of internationalising port management practices. Transp. Policy 2004, 11, 237–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, T.; Ng, A.K.; Wang, J.; Chen, Q.; Pang, J.; Tang, J. Adaptation planning of container ports in the context of typhoon risks: The case of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2024, 257, 107303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verschuur, J.; Koks, E.; Hall, J. Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.-C.; Ge, Y.-E. Adaptation strategies for port infrastructure and facilities under climate change at the Kaohsiung port. Transp. Policy 2020, 97, 232–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Liu, Q.; Wang, L.; Chen, Y.; Wang, J. A review of the port carbon emission sources and related emission reduction technical measures. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 320, 121000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bigio, A.G. Cities and climate change. In Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; pp. 91–99. [Google Scholar]
- Poo, M.C.-P.; Yang, Z.; Lau, Y.-Y. Vulnerability analysis of cruise shipping in ASEAN countries facing COVID-19 pandemic. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2024, 248, 106919. [Google Scholar]
- Cheung, K.-F.; Bell, M.G.; Pan, J.-J.; Perera, S. An eigenvector centrality analysis of world container shipping network connectivity. Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 2020, 140, 101991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H. Spatial heterogeneity of ports in the global maritime network detected by weighted ego network analysis. Marit. Policy Manag. 2018, 45, 89–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Messner, S.; Moran, L.; Reub, G.; Campbell, J. Climate change and sea level rise impacts at ports and a consistent methodology to evaluate vulnerability and risk. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2013, 169, 141–153. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, C.; Yin, Y.; Dong, K.; Yang, C.; Wang, K. How does port alliance survive extreme weather? Analysis using stochastic evolutionary game. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2024, 133, 104294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, A.; Ng, A.K.; McEvoy, D.; Mullett, J. Implications of climate change for shipping: Ports and supply chains. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 2018, 9, e508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.-Y.; Lin, C.-W.; Feng, X.; Lee, P.T.-W. An empirical study of the performance of the sixth generation ports model with smart ports with reference to major container ports in mainland China. Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 2024, 184, 103460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, A.; Caldwell, M.R. Stakeholder perceptions of seaport resilience strategies: A case study of Gulfport (Mississippi) and Providence (Rhode Island). Coast. Manag. 2015, 43, 1–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Degree Centrality | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality | Eigenvector Centrality | Core Degree | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Objective weight | 20.15% | 29.98% | 18.43% | 15.62% | 15.83% |
Port | RDc | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Shenzhen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tsingtao | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Xiamen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Qinzhou | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Port | RBc | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Shenzhen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tsingtao | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Xiamen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Qinzhou | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Port | RDc | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Shenzhen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tsingtao | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Xiamen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Qinzhou | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Port | REc | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Shenzhen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tsingtao | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Xiamen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Qinzhou | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Port | RCd | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Shenzhen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tsingtao | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Xiamen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Qinzhou | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Port | Port Efficiency | Port Importance | ROUC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shanghai | 8.50% | 3 | 3 | 1.0001 | 1 | 5 | 15 |
Shenzhen | 8.63% | 5 | 1 | 0.8553 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Tsingtao | 8.44% | 1 | 5 | 0.4177 | 3 | 3 | 15 |
Xiamen | 8.53% | 4 | 2 | 0.2969 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Qinzhou | 8.45% | 2 | 4 | 0.0436 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Poo, M.C.-P.; Zhang, W.; Kamalian, L.; Wang, T.; Lau, Y.-y.; Xu, T.Z. Resilience of Chinese Ports to Tropical Cyclones: Operational Efficiency and Strategic Importance. Climate 2024, 12, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12120214
Poo MC-P, Zhang W, Kamalian L, Wang T, Lau Y-y, Xu TZ. Resilience of Chinese Ports to Tropical Cyclones: Operational Efficiency and Strategic Importance. Climate. 2024; 12(12):214. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12120214
Chicago/Turabian StylePoo, Mark Ching-Pong, Wen Zhang, Leila Kamalian, Tianni Wang, Yui-yip Lau, and Tina Ziting Xu. 2024. "Resilience of Chinese Ports to Tropical Cyclones: Operational Efficiency and Strategic Importance" Climate 12, no. 12: 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12120214
APA StylePoo, M. C.-P., Zhang, W., Kamalian, L., Wang, T., Lau, Y.-y., & Xu, T. Z. (2024). Resilience of Chinese Ports to Tropical Cyclones: Operational Efficiency and Strategic Importance. Climate, 12(12), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12120214