Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dryness Conditions in Kazakhstan during 1979–2021 Based on Reanalysis Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Dryness Indices
- De Martonne Aridity Index (AI);
- Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI);
- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI);
- Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI);
- Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI);
- Percentage of Normal Precipitation (PNI).
2.3. Materials
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Variability of Temperature and Precipitation in Kazakhstan in 1979–2021
3.2. Temporal Variability of Dryness Conditions in Kazakhstan at the End of the 20th and Beginning of the 21st Centuries
3.3. Effect of Temperature and Precipitation on Dryness Indices
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of Climate | Values of PDSI |
---|---|
Extremely Wet | 4.00 or more |
Very Wet | 3.00 to 3.99 |
Moderately Wet | 2.00 to 2.99 |
Slightly Wet | 1.00 to 1.99 |
Incipient Wet Spell | 0.50 to 0.99 |
Near Normal | 0.49 to −0.49 |
Incipient Dry Spell | −0.50 to −0.99 |
Mild Drought | −1.00 to −1.99 |
Moderate Drought | −2.00 to −2.99 |
Severe Drought | −3.00 to −3.99 |
Extreme Drought | −4.00 or less |
Types of Climate | Values of SPI/SPEI |
---|---|
Extremely wet | >2.0 |
Very wet | +1.99 … +1.50 |
Moderately wet | +1.49 … +1.00 |
Near Normal | +0.99 … −0.99 |
Moderately dry | −1.00 … −1.49 |
Very dry | −1.50 … −1.99 |
Extremely dry | <−2.0 |
Drought Class | KBDI Range |
---|---|
Very low | 0–150 |
Low | 150–300 |
Moderate | 300–500 |
High | 500–700 |
Extreme | >700 |
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Zheleznova, I.; Gushchina, D.; Meiramov, Z.; Olchev, A. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dryness Conditions in Kazakhstan during 1979–2021 Based on Reanalysis Data. Climate 2022, 10, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100144
Zheleznova I, Gushchina D, Meiramov Z, Olchev A. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dryness Conditions in Kazakhstan during 1979–2021 Based on Reanalysis Data. Climate. 2022; 10(10):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100144
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheleznova, Irina, Daria Gushchina, Zhiger Meiramov, and Alexander Olchev. 2022. "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dryness Conditions in Kazakhstan during 1979–2021 Based on Reanalysis Data" Climate 10, no. 10: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100144