In Vitro Decoated Seed Germination and Seedling Development for Propagation of Wild Mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Lifespan and Phenology of Wild Mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.) Plants
2.2. Seed Viability vs. Periodic Storage Conditions
2.3. Water Permeability of M. autumnalis Seed Coats
2.4. Intact Mature Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence: Preliminary Tests
2.5. Intact Seed Storage Conditions vs. Decoated Seed Germinability
2.6. Removal of Seed Coats and Exogenous Application of Gibberellic acid Promote In Vitro Seed Germination and Subsequent Seedling Emergence
2.7. Growth Features of the In Vitro Established M. autumnalis Plantlets Grown on SGM Cultures
2.8. Growth Features of the In Vitro Established M. autumnalis Plants Transplanted into Potting Soil and Grown under Glasshouse Conditions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Collection of Mature Seeds
3.2. Surface Sterilization and Decoating of the Mature Seeds
3.3. Seed Viability Testing
3.4. Water Permeability of Seed Coats
3.5. In Vitro Seed Germination Conditions
3.6. Controlled Maintenance Conditions of Cultured Plant Materials
3.7. Plantlets Transplantation and Acclimatization
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Leaves/Plant [Range] | Number of Flowers/Plant [Range] | Number of Immature Fruits/Plant [Range] | Number of Mature Seeds/Ripe Fruit [Range] |
---|---|---|---|
14.4 ± 1.2 [3–35] (n = 40) | 13.5 ± 3.1 [0–46] (n = 19) | 2.3 ± 0.5 [0–19] (n = 58) | 44 ± 1.5 [18–61] (n = 46) |
Intact Seed Length (mm) | Intact Seed Width (mm) | Intact Seed Weight (mg) | Decoated Seed Weight (mg) |
---|---|---|---|
5.9 ± 0.1 (n = 21) | 4.4 ± 0.1 (n = 21) | 36.7 ± 0.9 (n = 50) | 19.1 ± 0.8 (n = 21) |
Pre-Storage Temp. (°C) of Intact Seeds | Decoated Seeds on SGM + mg/L GA3 | Number of Cultured Seeds | Number of Developed Seedlings (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cold (4–5) | MSO | 25 | 7 (28.0) |
30 | 49 | 27 (55.1) | |
60 | 63 | 42 (66.7) | |
100 | 67 | 43 (64.2) | |
Soil controls of intact seeds | - | 22 | 10 (45.5) |
Room temp. (22–25) | MSO | 15 | 3 (20.0) |
30 | 16 | 7 (43.8) | |
60 | 14 | 9 (64.3) | |
100 | 23 | 10 (43.5) | |
Soil controls of intact seeds | - | 21 | 9 (42.9) |
Origin of Plantlets | Number of True Leaves/5 Weeks-Old Plantlet | Number of True Leaves/10 Weeks-Old Plantlet | Taproot Length (cm)/10 Weeks-Old Plantlet | Total Fresh Weight/10 Weeks-Old Plantlet (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro decoated seeds germinated in SGM cultures | 3.3 ± 0.2 a | 5.9 ± 0.7 a | 12.4 ± 0.5 a | 3.22 ± 0.23 a |
In vivo intact seeds germinated in potting soil | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 1.4 ± 0.2 b | 9.7 ± 1.2 b | 2.74 ± 0.20 a |
Origin of Plants | Number of True Leaves/Plant | Taproot Length (cm)/Plant | Fresh Weight of Shoot/Plant (g) | Fresh Weight of Root/Plant (g) | Fresh Weight of The Whole Plant (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro decoated seeds germinated in SGM cultures | 7.1 ± 0.7 a (n = 12) | 18.8 ± 1.3 a (n = 11) | 8.84 ± 1.57 a (n = 11) | 11.65 ± 1.98 a (n = 11) | 20.49 ± 3.50 a (n = 11) |
In vivo intact seeds germinated in potting soil | 2.9 ± 0.4 b (n = 14) | 15.4 ± 1.8 a (n = 9) | 3.72 ± 0.79 b (n = 9) | 6.07 ± 1.11 b (n = 9) | 9.79 ± 1.82 b (n = 9) |
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Al-Ahmad, H. In Vitro Decoated Seed Germination and Seedling Development for Propagation of Wild Mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.). Plants 2020, 9, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101339
Al-Ahmad H. In Vitro Decoated Seed Germination and Seedling Development for Propagation of Wild Mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.). Plants. 2020; 9(10):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101339
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Ahmad, Hani. 2020. "In Vitro Decoated Seed Germination and Seedling Development for Propagation of Wild Mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.)" Plants 9, no. 10: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101339