Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Volatile Organic Compounds Profile in Healthy Plants
2.2. Volatile Organic Compounds Released in Infested Plants with Bactericera cockerelli
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Growth
4.2. Insect Rearing
4.3. Headspace Collection and Analysis of Plant Volatiles
4.4. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RT | Wild | Floradade | Micro-Tom | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | (min) | Healthy | Infested | Healthy | Infested | Healthy | Infested | |
1 | α-Pinene | 4.568 | 7.28 ± 0.46 | 6.78 ± 0.09 | 7.21 ± 0.09 | - | 7.43 ± 0.36 | 8.00 ± 0.07 |
2 | o-Cymene | 5.157 | - | - | 8.39 ± 0.06 | 6.96 | - | - |
3 | 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene, 3,7,7-trimethyl- | 5.232 | 7.18 ± 0.11 | 6.47 | - | - | - | - |
4 | l-β-Pinene | 5.275 | - | - | - | - | 7.17 ± 0.07 | - |
5 | β-Pinene | 5.344 | - | - | - | - | 6.53 | 7.26 ± 0.06 |
6 | (+)-4-Carene | 5.615 | 9.26 ± 0.18 | 8.48 ± 0.03 | 8.97 ± 0.13 | 7.66 | 6.98 | - |
7 | α-Thujene | 5.692 | - | - | 8.78 | 8.46 | - | - |
8 | (+)-2-Carene | 5.771 | 8.49 ± 0.06 | 7.25 | 8.10 ± 0.11 | 6.81 ± 0.17 | - | - |
9 | β-Phellandrene | 6.166 | 9.55 | 8.83 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - |
10 | ɣ-Terpinene | 6.193 | 7.92 ± 0.02 | 7.63 | 9.02 ± 0.88 | 6.48 | - | - |
11 | (+)-Sabinene | 6.413 | - | 7.94 | 6.89 | 7.67 ± 0.79 | - | - |
12 | α-Terpinolene | 7.224 | - | 7.69 | 7.79 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
13 | Ascaridole | 10.463 | 7.80 ± 0.05 | - | 7.88 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
14 | δ-Elemene | 11.523 | 7.83 ± 0.16 | 7.18 | 7.29 ± 0.39 | 6.78 | - | - |
15 | Copaene | 12.207 | - | - | 7.26 ± 0.17 | - | - | - |
16 | (−)-cis-β-Elemene | 12.452 | 7.07 | - | 7.41 | - | - | - |
17 | Isocaryophyllene | 12.715 | 7.12 ± 0.05 | - | 7.21 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
18 | Caryophyllene | 12.914 | 7.89 ± 0.13 | 6.61 ± 0.37 | 8.52 ± 0.06 | 7.50 | - | 6.63 |
19 | Bicyclo[7.2.0]undecane, 10,10-dimethyl-2,6-bis(methylene)-, [1S-(1R*,9S*)]- | 13.065 | 7.25 | - | 7.30 | - | - | - |
20 | Humulene | 13.468 | 7.32 ± 0.19 | 6.60 | 7.79 ± 0.12 | 6.85 | - | - |
21 | Hexadecane | 15.827 | 6.91 ± 0.30 | - | - | - | - | - |
22 | Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-ethylpropyl)- | 16.142 | - | - | 6.48 | 6.68 ± 0.06 | - | - |
Number of compounds | 14 | 11 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 3 |
# | Compound | Wild | Floradade | Micro-Tom | P Value | F Value | Df |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-Pinene | 7.287 ± 0.46 | 7.21 ± 0.09 | 7.437 ± 0.36 | 0.8021 (ns) | 0.2288 | 2 |
6 | (+)-4-Carene | 9.260 ± 0.18 | 8.979 ± 0.13 | - | 0.1501 (ns) | 3.1594 | 1 |
8 | (+)-2-Carene | 8.490 ± 0.06 | 8.100 ± 0.11 | - | 0.0955 (ns) | 8.9951 | 1 |
10 | ɣ-Terpinene | 7.922 ± 0.02 | 9.026 ± 0.88 | - | 0.1493 (ns) | 3.1757 | 1 |
13 | Ascaridole | 7.807 ± 0.05 | 7.883 ± 0.03 | - | 0.3418 (ns) | 1.5289 | 1 |
14 | δ-Elemene | 7.838 ± 0.16 | 7.296 ± 0.39 | - | 0.1420 (ns) | 3.331 | 1 |
17 | Isocaryophyllene | 7.121 ± 0.05 | 7.212 ± 0.06 | - | 0.3764 (ns) | 1.2728 | 1 |
18 | Caryophyllene | 7.893 ± 0.13 | 8.529 ± 0.06 | - | 0.0037 ** | 36.783 | 1 |
20 | Humulene | 7.323 ± 0.19 | 7.797 ± 0.12 | - | 0.0386 * | 9.1983 | 1 |
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Mayo-Hernández, J.; Ramírez-Chávez, E.; Molina-Torres, J.; Guillén-Cisneros, M.d.L.; Rodríguez-Herrera, R.; Hernández-Castillo, F.; Flores-Olivas, A.; Valenzuela-Soto, J.H. Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum. Plants 2019, 8, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110509
Mayo-Hernández J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Guillén-Cisneros MdL, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Hernández-Castillo F, Flores-Olivas A, Valenzuela-Soto JH. Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum. Plants. 2019; 8(11):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110509
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayo-Hernández, Juan, Enrique Ramírez-Chávez, Jorge Molina-Torres, María de Lourdes Guillén-Cisneros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Francisco Hernández-Castillo, Alberto Flores-Olivas, and José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto. 2019. "Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum" Plants 8, no. 11: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110509