Optimized Design of Irrigation Water-Heating System and Its Effect on Lettuce Cultivation in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Analysis
2.1. Effects of Different Wind Speeds on the Heating Effect of the System
2.2. Effects of Heat Exchangers of Different Heights on the Heating Effect of the System
2.3. Effects of Heat Exchanger Surface Darkening on the System Heating Effect
2.4. Changes in IWHS Water Temperature in Lettuce Greenhouses
2.5. Heat-Collection Performance of IWHS in Lettuce Greenhouse
2.6. Effects of Warm-Water Irrigation on Lettuce Soil Temperature
2.7. Effects of Warm-Water Irrigation on Lettuce Growth Indexes
2.8. Effects of Warm-Water Irrigation on Lettuce Root and Leaf Indexes
2.9. Effects of Warm-WaterIrrigation on Lettuce Yield
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The IWHS
4.2. IWHS Process Parameter Screening
4.2.1. Experimental Greenhouse
4.2.2. Experimental Method
- Monitoring of Water Temperature in Solar Water Buckets in the Chinese Solar Greenhouse
- Screening of IWHS Fan Speed
- Screening of IWHS Heat Exchange Device Height
- Screening of IWHS Heat Exchanger Surface Color
4.2.3. Relevant Sensor Testing
4.3. Application Effect Test of IWHS in Lettuce Cultivation
4.3.1. Experimental Greenhouse
4.3.2. Experimental Method
4.3.3. Relevant Sensor Testing
4.4. Relevant Correlation Formula
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Working Time | Initial Water Temperature (°C)~ Final Water Temperature (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2.3 m/s | 3.4 m/s | 4.5 m/s | ||
5 December | 11:30~14:30 | 9.4~17.0 | 9.5~17.5 | 9.3~17.5 |
8 December | 10:30~13:30 | 10.6~17.5 | 10.5~17.8 | 10.4~18.3 |
12 December | 11:00~14:00 | 11.5~20.9 | 11.6~21.6 | 11.7~22.1 |
13 December | 10:50~13:50 | 12.4~18.7 | 12.3~19.1 | 12.2~19.3 |
14 December | 10:20~13:20 | 10.9~19.2 | 10.8~20.0 | 10.8~20.4 |
Data | Working Time | Initial Water Temperature (°C)~ Final Water Temperature (°C) | Total Amount of Solar Radiation (MJ) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bottom Th1 | Middle Th2 | Top Th3 | Bottom Th1 | Middle Th2 | Top Th3 | Bottom Th1 | Middle Th2 | Top Th3 | ||
31 October | 8:30~14:30 | 16.6~29.9 | 16.6~31.5 | 16.5~32.2 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.7 |
12 November | 10:00~14:30 | 14.7~21.7 | 14.3~21.7 | 14.3~22.0 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
14 November | 9:30~14:30 | 13.9~22.7 | 13.7~23.5 | 13.6~24.2 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
15 November | 9:00~14:30 | 14.7~21.6 | 14.1~22.2 | 14.1~22.6 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
19 November | 9:00~14:00 | 13.5~22.3 | 13.0~22.8 | 13.0~23.5 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
Date | Working Time | Working Hours (h) | Initial Water Temperature (°C)~Final Water Temperature (°C) | Water Temperature Rise (°C) | Heat Collection (MJ) | COP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 December | 11:00~14:30 | 3.50 | 14.4~23.1 | 8.7 | 10.90 | 2.06 |
29 December | 12:42~15:12 | 2.50 | 11.8~20.3 | 8.5 | 10.60 | 2.96 |
7 January | 14:10~16:20 | 2.17 | 11.9~19.2 | 7.3 | 9.10 | 2.79 |
19 January | 12:50~13:40 | 0.83 | 18.0~22.5 | 4.5 | 5.60 | 4.47 |
Treatment | Root Surface Area (cm2) | Root Tips (No.) | Leaves (No.) | Leaf Area (cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 17.07 ± 0.90 b | 757.80 ± 26.83 b | 19.71 ± 0.76 b | 296.34 ± 17.00 b |
T | 19.87 ± 1.08 a | 866.00 ± 59.86 a | 21.43 ± 1.13 a | 345.78 ± 14.78 a |
Treatment | Yield per Plant (g) |
---|---|
CK | 238.76 ± 16.98 b |
T | 276.62 ± 9.99 a |
Measurement Metrics | Instrument | Model | Measurement Range | Accuracy | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air and water temperature | PT100 platinum thermal resistance temperature sensor | WZP-GZPT-A | −50~200 °C | 0.1 °C | Guizhong Technology, Guizhong, China |
Total solar radiation on heat exchanger surface | Total solar radiation sensor | RS-RA-I20-AL | 0~1800 W/m2 | 1 W/m2 | Jianda Renke, Jinan, China |
Circulating pipe water flow | AWT Electronic fuel meter | / | 9~100 L/min | ±0.5% | Xier Technology, Hangzhou, China |
Fan wind speed | Smart anemometer | AS836 | 0.3~45 m/s | ±3% | Wanchuan Electronic, Qingdao, China |
Instruments/Software | Model | Measurement Range | Accuracy | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tape measure | GW-580E | 0~5 m | 0.1 mm | Great Wall Seiko, Ningbo, China |
Vernier scale | / | 0~150 mm | 0.01 mm | Meinaite, Jinhua, China |
Electronic balance | BSA224S | 10 mg~220 g | 0.1 mg | Sartorius, Zhangjiang, China |
Color image scanner | J221 | / | / | EPSON, Sakata, Japan; Regent, Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Root analysis software (WinRHIZO Pro 2012a) | STD4800 | / | / | |
High precision electronic scale | rz-53 | 0.1 g~3.0 kg | 0.1 g | Daming Technology, Beijing, China |
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Guo, L.; Chen, X.; Yang, S.; Zhou, R.; Liu, S.; Cao, Y. Optimized Design of Irrigation Water-Heating System and Its Effect on Lettuce Cultivation in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse. Plants 2024, 13, 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050718
Guo L, Chen X, Yang S, Zhou R, Liu S, Cao Y. Optimized Design of Irrigation Water-Heating System and Its Effect on Lettuce Cultivation in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse. Plants. 2024; 13(5):718. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050718
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Liangjie, Xinyi Chen, Shiye Yang, Ruimin Zhou, Shenyan Liu, and Yanfei Cao. 2024. "Optimized Design of Irrigation Water-Heating System and Its Effect on Lettuce Cultivation in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse" Plants 13, no. 5: 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050718