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Review

Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes

by
Adil Ameen Bhat
1,
Adnan Shakeel
1,
Sonia Waqar
1,
Zafar Ahmad Handoo
2,* and
Abrar Ahmed Khan
1,*
1
Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
2
Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Northeast Area, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(3), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030451
Submission received: 7 December 2022 / Revised: 9 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 / Published: 18 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary endoparasites that cause severe economic losses to agricultural crops globally. Due to the regulations of the European Union on the application of nematicides, it is crucial now to discover eco-friendly control strategies for nematode management. Biocontrol is one such safe and reliable method for managing these polyphagous nematodes. Biocontrol agents not only control these parasitic nematodes but also improve plant growth and induce systemic resistance in plants against a variety of biotic stresses. A wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans live in their natural mode as nematode antagonists. Various review articles have discussed the role of biocontrol in nematode management in general, but a specific review on biocontrol of root-knot nematodes is not available in detail. This review, therefore, focuses on the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes by discussing their important known antagonists, modes of action, and interactions.
Keywords: biocontrol; root-knot nematode; antagonist; disease; interactions biocontrol; root-knot nematode; antagonist; disease; interactions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bhat, A.A.; Shakeel, A.; Waqar, S.; Handoo, Z.A.; Khan, A.A. Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes. Plants 2023, 12, 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030451

AMA Style

Bhat AA, Shakeel A, Waqar S, Handoo ZA, Khan AA. Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes. Plants. 2023; 12(3):451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030451

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhat, Adil Ameen, Adnan Shakeel, Sonia Waqar, Zafar Ahmad Handoo, and Abrar Ahmed Khan. 2023. "Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes" Plants 12, no. 3: 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030451

APA Style

Bhat, A. A., Shakeel, A., Waqar, S., Handoo, Z. A., & Khan, A. A. (2023). Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes. Plants, 12(3), 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030451

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