Abelmoschus eculentus Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. In Vitro DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay of A. esculentus Seed Extract
2.2. In Vitro Evaluation of Cholinesterase Potential of the A. esculentus Seed Extract
2.3. Acute Toxicity Study
2.4. Potential Activities of A. esculentus Seed Extract in the T-Maze Test
2.5. Potential Effects of A. esculentus Seed Extract in the Beam Balance Test
2.6. Potential Effects of A. esculentus Seed Extract in Acetylcholine Esterase Levels in the Brain
2.7. Potential Effects of A. esculentus Seed Extract in Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin Levels in Brain
2.8. Potential Effects of A. esculentus Seed Extract in the Levels of BDNF, Glycated End Product, and IL-6 in the Brain
2.9. Potential Effects of A. esculentus Seed Extract in TAC, MDA, and GSH Levels in the Brain
2.10. Results of the Histopathological Investigation
2.11. Chemical Dereplication of A. esculentus Seed Extract
3. Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of the Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential of A. esculentus Seed Extract
3.2. Metabolomics Profiling of A. esculentus Seed Extract
3.3. Pharmacology Networking
3.3.1. Plant-Compounds Network
3.3.2. Compounds-Genes Network
3.3.3. Genes–Alzheimer’s Disorders Network
3.3.4. Total Network Pharmacology
3.3.5. Protein–Protein Interactions (PPI)
3.3.6. Gene Ontology and Pathway Enrichment Analysis
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. A. esculentus Material, Chemicals, Reagents, Extraction of A. esculentus Seeds
4.2. In Vitro DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity Assay of A. esculentus Seed Extract
4.3. In Vitro Determination of Cholinesterase Potential of A. esculentus Seed Extract
4.4. In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential
4.4.1. Animals
4.4.2. Animal Ethical Report
4.4.3. Induction of AlCl3-Induced Alzheimer’s Illness
4.4.4. Acute Toxicity Investigation
4.4.5. Behavioral Measurement
4.4.6. Experimental Design, and Blood Samples Preparation
4.4.7. Preparation of the Brain Tissue Samples
4.4.8. Estimation of Brain Neurotransmitters
4.4.9. Histopathological Investigations
4.5. Metabolomic Investigation Procedure
4.6. Network Pharmacology Study
4.6.1. Identified Compounds-Genes
4.6.2. Genes-Alzheimer’s Disorders
4.6.3. The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI)
4.6.4. Network Construction and Visualization
4.6.5. Gene Enrichment Investigation
4.7. Statistical Investigation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0.01 µg/mL | 0.05 µg/mL | |
---|---|---|
Crude extract | 77.2 ± 3.6 c | 93.2 ± 7.5 d |
Ascorbic acid | 82.3 ± 4.7 b | 91.0 ± 6.1 d |
Parameters | Control | AlCl3-AD | Extract | Donepezil Drug |
---|---|---|---|---|
AChE (serum) (U\L) % Change % Improvement | 215.0 ± 11.0 a | 419.0 ± 10.0 b +94.8 | 255.0 ± 8.0 c 76.2 | 240.0 ± 9.7 c 83.2 |
BDNF (pg/g Tissue) | Glycated End Product (μg/g Tissue) | IL-6 (pg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 343.0 ± 10.2 a | 12.7 ± 1.2 a | 39.6 ± 3.0 a |
AlCl3-AD % Change | 167.0 ± 10.9 b −50.3% | 40.8 ± 3.1 b 221.2% | 130.0 ± 8.0 b 227.7% |
AD crude extract % Improvement | 258.0 ± 6.0 d 26.5 | 20.0 ± 2.0 d 163.7 | 45.3 ± 3.0 d 213.5 |
Donepezil drug % Improvement | 288.0 ± 16.0 e 35.2 | 12.9 ± 1.1 a 219.6 | 39.0 ± 2.8 a 229.4 |
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Bakhsh, H.T.; Mokhtar, F.A.; Elmaidomy, A.H.; Aly, H.F.; Younis, E.A.; Alzubaidi, M.A.; Altemani, F.H.; Algehainy, N.A.; Majrashi, M.A.A.; Alsenani, F.; et al. Abelmoschus eculentus Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation. Plants 2023, 12, 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122382
Bakhsh HT, Mokhtar FA, Elmaidomy AH, Aly HF, Younis EA, Alzubaidi MA, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Majrashi MAA, Alsenani F, et al. Abelmoschus eculentus Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation. Plants. 2023; 12(12):2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122382
Chicago/Turabian StyleBakhsh, Hussain T., Fatma A. Mokhtar, Abeer H. Elmaidomy, Hanan F. Aly, Eman A. Younis, Mubarak A. Alzubaidi, Faisal H. Altemani, Naseh A. Algehainy, Mohammed Ali A. Majrashi, Faisal Alsenani, and et al. 2023. "Abelmoschus eculentus Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation" Plants 12, no. 12: 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122382