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Volume 11
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Review

Mechanical Forces in Floral Development

by
Kester Bull–Hereñu
1,2,
Patricia dos Santos
3,4,
João Felipe Ginefra Toni
5,
Juliana Hanna Leite El Ottra
6,7,
Pakkapol Thaowetsuwan
8,
Julius Jeiter
9,
Louis Philippe Ronse De Craene
10 and
Akitoshi Iwamoto
11,*
1
Fundación Flores, Ministro Carvajal 30, Santiago 7500801, Chile
2
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Área Botánica, Parque Quinta Normal S/N, Santiago 8350701, Chile
3
Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
4
Department of Environmental Sciences–Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
5
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friederich Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
6
Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
7
Open University of Brazil, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
8
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sanam Chandra Palace Campus, Silpakorn University, Nakhorn Pathom 73000, Thailand
9
Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
10
Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
11
Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2022, 11(5), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661
Submission received: 21 November 2021 / Revised: 19 January 2022 / Accepted: 17 February 2022 / Published: 28 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental and Genetic Mechanisms of Floral Structure)
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Abstract

Mechanical forces acting within the plant body that can mold flower shape throughout development received little attention. The palette of action of these forces ranges from mechanical pressures on organ primordia at the microscopic level up to the twisting of a peduncle that promotes resupination of a flower at the macroscopic level. Here, we argue that without these forces acting during the ontogenetic process, the actual flower phenotype would not be achieved as it is. In this review, we concentrate on mechanical forces that occur at the microscopic level and determine the fate of the flower shape by the physical constraints on meristems at an early stage of development. We thus highlight the generative role of mechanical forces over the floral phenotype and underline our general view of flower development as the sum of interactions of known physiological and genetic processes, together with physical aspects and mechanical events that are entangled towards the shaping of the mature flower.
Keywords: floral development; flower shape; growth forces; mechanical forces; organ imprint; pressure floral development; flower shape; growth forces; mechanical forces; organ imprint; pressure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bull–Hereñu, K.; dos Santos, P.; Toni, J.F.G.; El Ottra, J.H.L.; Thaowetsuwan, P.; Jeiter, J.; Ronse De Craene, L.P.; Iwamoto, A. Mechanical Forces in Floral Development. Plants 2022, 11, 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661

AMA Style

Bull–Hereñu K, dos Santos P, Toni JFG, El Ottra JHL, Thaowetsuwan P, Jeiter J, Ronse De Craene LP, Iwamoto A. Mechanical Forces in Floral Development. Plants. 2022; 11(5):661. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bull–Hereñu, Kester, Patricia dos Santos, João Felipe Ginefra Toni, Juliana Hanna Leite El Ottra, Pakkapol Thaowetsuwan, Julius Jeiter, Louis Philippe Ronse De Craene, and Akitoshi Iwamoto. 2022. "Mechanical Forces in Floral Development" Plants 11, no. 5: 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661

APA Style

Bull–Hereñu, K., dos Santos, P., Toni, J. F. G., El Ottra, J. H. L., Thaowetsuwan, P., Jeiter, J., Ronse De Craene, L. P., & Iwamoto, A. (2022). Mechanical Forces in Floral Development. Plants, 11(5), 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661

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