Crops on the Rocks: Production, Processing, and Storage at the Early Medieval Site of Senhora Do Barrocal (Municipality of Sátão, Central Portugal)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Medieval Site
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling Strategy
3.2. Laboratory Analysis
3.2.1. Fruits/Seeds
3.2.2. Charcoal Analysis
3.2.3. Analysis of Food Remains
4. Results
4.1. Fruits/Seeds
4.2. Charcoal Analysis
4.3. Food Remains
5. Discussion
5.1. Storage
5.2. Crop Diversity
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.U. | Description | Context | Material | Lab. Reference | 14C Age (yr B.P.) | Calibrated Age A.D. (2 σ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
107 | Destruction layer | Habitation structure 09 | Vicia faba (seed) | Wk-40079 | 1040 ± 21 | 987–1032 (95.4%) |
125 | Filling layer | Debris within Wall 112 | Secale cereale (grain) | Beta-46513 | 1170 ± 30 | 772–901 (73.9%) 916–974 (21.6%) |
132 | Clay layer | Hearth 2 | Erica arborea (charcoal) | Beta-46512 | 1070 ± 30 | 893–929 (23.6%) 944–1026 (71.8%) |
Collected | Studied | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase 1 | 278 | 198 | Moment | Collected | Studied | No. of S.U. | No. of Squares | ||||
1st | 15 | Handpicked | 15 | 15 | Handpicked | 15 | 2 | 8 | |||
2nd | 263 | Handpicked | 155 | 183 | Handpicked | 155 | 6 | 49 | |||
Sediment | 108 | Sediment | 28 | ||||||||
Phase 2 | 268 | 241 | 3rd | 7 | Handpicked | 1 | 7 | Handpicked | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Sediment | 6 | Sediment | 6 | ||||||||
4th | 125 | Handpicked | 81 | 99 | Handpicked | 81 | 8 | 24 | |||
Sediment | 44 | Sediment | 18 | ||||||||
5th | 8 | Handpicked | 4 | 7 | Handpicked | 4 | 3 | 5 | |||
Sediment | 4 | Sediment | 3 | ||||||||
6th | 128 | Handpicked | 120 | 128 | Handpicked | 120 | 8 | 64 | |||
Sediment | 8 | Sediment | 8 |
Occupation | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Moment | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | ||||||||||||||||||
Structure | HS9 | HS9 | W112 | W112 | H1 | H2 | GM | W112 | SS123 | PHS | ||||||||||||||
S.U. | 115 | 116 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 137 | 136 | 139 | 140 | 124 | 125 | 130 | 131 | 134 | 126 | 132 | 133 | 104 | 104A | 104B | 118 | 102 | 121 |
Cereal (grain) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Avena sp. | 42 | 1 | 9 | 36,609 | 16 | 130 | 946 | 833 | 215 | 165 | 5166 | 3948 | 309 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1050 | 1076 | 143 | 143 | 1 | ||
Hordeum vulgare | 22 | 2 | 48 | 7248 | 9 | 5 | 13 | 99 | 17 | 43 | 666 | 506 | 40 | 9 | 5 | 324 | 221 | 284 | 134 | |||||
Panicum miliaceum | 8 | 8345 | 44 | 299 | 210 | 60 | 71 | 978 | 487 | 74 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 1490 | 128 | 3 | 20 | |||||||
Setaria italica | 123 | 6 | 4 | 19 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
Setaria sp. | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Panicoideae | 1128 | 17 | 30 | 29 | 299 | 171 | 29 | 2 | 1 | 179 | 42 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||
Secale cereale | 84 | 6 | 204 | 34,204 | 25 | 61 | 776 | 649 | 136 | 130 | 4471 | 3679 | 436 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1989 | 439 | 565 | 1 | 362 | 4 | |
Triticum aestivum/durum | 12 | 1 | 27 | 965 | 6 | 4 | 22 | 25 | 6 | 9 | 498 | 38 | 107 | 2 | 1 | 67 | 21 | 26 | 1 | 14 | 3 | |||
Triticum sp. | 4 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Triticeae | 2 | 3 | 10,424 | 18 | 234 | 210 | 44 | 233 | 1338 | 1346 | 132 | 8 | 2 | 745 | 416 | 58 | 1 | 91 | 1 | |||||
Cereal (chaff) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Avena sativa/strigosa (floret base) | 842 | 11 | 10 | 40 | 4 | 127 | 173 | 25 | 54 | 10 | 2 | |||||||||||||
Hordeum vulgare (lemma base) | 689 | 31 | 3 | 96 | 2 | 19 | 17 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
Hordeum vulgare (rachis segment with 1 node) | 48 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Panicum miliaceum (lemma/palea) | 32 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Setaria italica (lemma/palea) | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Secale cereale (rachis segment with 1 node) | 741 | 131 | 48 | 13 | 19 | 213 | 406 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 76 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Secale cereale (rachis segment with 2 nodes) | 18 | 19 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Triticum aestivum/durum (rachis node) | 122 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fabaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lathyrus cicera/sativus (seed) | 71 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Lens culinaris (seed) | 18 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pisum sativum (seed) | 1 | 1 | 412 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
Vicia faba (seed) | 10 | 1 | 238 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 | |||||||||||||||
Vicia/Lathyrus (seed) | 1 | 250 | 8 | 9 | 39 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Vicia/Lathyrus/Pisum (seed) | 1 | 272 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 58 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Fruits | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Castanea sativa (fruit) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Prunus avium/cerasus (endocarp) | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Vitis vinifera (seed) | 1 | 101 | 24 | 8 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Vitis vinifera (pedicel) | 7 | 7 | 3 | 17 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Vitis vinifera (drupe with seed) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Oil/Fiber plants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Linum sp. (seeds agglomerated) | 6 |
Phase | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Moment | 1st | 2nd | Total | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
S.U. | 115 | 116 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 128 | 137 | N | % | 136 | 139 | 140 | 124 | 125 | 125A | 129 | 130 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 126 | 132 | 133 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 118 | 120 | 121 | 104A | 104B | N | % |
Acer sp. | 2 | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alnus sp. | 67 | 67 | 0.68 | 1 | 36 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 52 | 0.59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Arbutus unedo | 4 | 56 | 460 | 58 | 15 | 593 | 6.03 | 55 | 18 | 6 | 105 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 16 | 13 | 32 | 20 | 27 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 23 | 12 | 391 | 4.46 | |||||||
Castanea sativa | 15 | 60 | 25 | 2893 | 195 | 119 | 4 | 55 | 3366 | 34.22 | 228 | 109 | 33 | 62 | 1173 | 4 | 154 | 163 | 133 | 1 | 19 | 13 | 112 | 15 | 60 | 78 | 40 | 163 | 445 | 134 | 3139 | 35.81 | ||
Castanea/Quercus | 4 | 18 | 27 | 1017 | 51 | 6 | 1123 | 11.42 | 29 | 194 | 2 | 14 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 103 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 66 | 73 | 20 | 594 | 6.78 | |||||||||
Cistus sp. | 1 | 22 | 8 | 31 | 0.32 | 17 | 27 | 17 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 31 | 1 | 107 | 1.22 | ||||||||||||||||||
Erica australis/arborea | 5 | 21 | 27 | 409 | 105 | 10 | 577 | 5.87 | 19 | 1 | 7 | 98 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 6 | 26 | 20 | 75 | 8 | 15 | 30 | 3 | 51 | 46 | 9 | 432 | 4.93 | ||||||
Erica scoparia/umbellata | 2 | 25 | 27 | 0.27 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Erica sp. | 5 | 19 | 329 | 46 | 3 | 12 | 414 | 4.21 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 49 | 20 | 2 | 23 | 19 | 5 | 43 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 28 | 33 | 6 | 270 | 3.08 | ||||||||
Fabaceae | 3 | 2 | 126 | 20 | 1 | 152 | 1.55 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 56 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 52 | 3 | 18 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 193 | 2.20 | ||||||||
Frangula alnus | 2 | 2 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fraxinus sp. | 1 | 14 | 4 | 19 | 0.19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 26 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||||||||
Olea europaea | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pistacia sp. | 3 | 3 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pinus sp. | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prunus avium/cerasus | 44 | 44 | 0.45 | 3 | 22 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 5 | 77 | 0.88 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Prunus sp. | 12 | 53 | 1 | 163 | 120 | 15 | 1 | 365 | 3.71 | 3 | 16 | 23 | 64 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 70 | 7 | 42 | 8 | 60 | 42 | 18 | 357 | 4.07 | |||||||||
Quercus sp. | 1 | 3 | 11 | 148 | 2 | 165 | 1.68 | 4 | 24 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 16 | 6 | 75 | 0.86 | ||||||||||||||
Quercus sp. deciduous | 8 | 29 | 192 | 1145 | 133 | 26 | 1 | 48 | 1582 | 16.08 | 167 | 93 | 51 | 15 | 297 | 53 | 2 | 56 | 1 | 36 | 2 | 35 | 7 | 6 | 286 | 55 | 111 | 135 | 44 | 308 | 208 | 20 | 1988 | 22.68 |
Quercus sp. evergreen | 3 | 10 | 100 | 15 | 1 | 3 | 132 | 1.34 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 50 | 0.57 | ||||||||||||
Rhamnus/Phillyrea | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 0.07 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Rosaceae Maloideae | 7 | 7 | 0.07 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Salix sp. | 2 | 6 | 8 | 0.08 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Salix/Populus | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taxus baccata | 52 | 52 | 0.53 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 15 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Undetermined | 2 | 30 | 32 | 0.33 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dicotyledon | 1 | 23 | 54 | 852 | 88 | 20 | 8 | 1046 | 10.63 | 27 | 22 | 7 | 26 | 353 | 28 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 44 | 5 | 86 | 18 | 46 | 18 | 3 | 119 | 82 | 7 | 943 | 10.76 | |||
Monocotyledon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.03 | 3 | 3 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bark | 16 | 16 | 0.16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 46 | 225 | 428 | 7933 | 848 | 200 | 6 | 150 | 9836 | 100 | 550 | 325 | 116 | 180 | 2499 | 63 | 3 | 338 | 212 | 199 | 15 | 174 | 151 | 19 | 883 | 145 | 341 | 325 | 106 | 885 | 989 | 247 | 8765 | 100 |
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Seabra, L.; Tente, C.; Vaz, F.C.; Oliveira, C.; González Carretero, L.; Tereso, J.P. Crops on the Rocks: Production, Processing, and Storage at the Early Medieval Site of Senhora Do Barrocal (Municipality of Sátão, Central Portugal). Plants 2022, 11, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040471
Seabra L, Tente C, Vaz FC, Oliveira C, González Carretero L, Tereso JP. Crops on the Rocks: Production, Processing, and Storage at the Early Medieval Site of Senhora Do Barrocal (Municipality of Sátão, Central Portugal). Plants. 2022; 11(4):471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040471
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeabra, Luís, Catarina Tente, Filipe Costa Vaz, Cláudia Oliveira, Lara González Carretero, and João Pedro Tereso. 2022. "Crops on the Rocks: Production, Processing, and Storage at the Early Medieval Site of Senhora Do Barrocal (Municipality of Sátão, Central Portugal)" Plants 11, no. 4: 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040471