Preliminary Findings on Cadmium Bioaccumulation and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Biochar Made from C3- and C4-Originated Straw
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Properties
2.2. Plant Growth and Photosynthesis Rate
2.3. Cd Bioaccumulation Factor and Transfer Coefficient
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil, Plant, and Biochar Preparation
4.2. Soil and Biochar Analysis
4.3. Sampling and Measurements
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | pH | CEC (cmol(+) kg−1) | Exchangeable Cations (cmol(+) kg−1) | OC (%) | N (mg kg−1) | P (mg kg−1) | K (mg kg−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Ca | Mg | |||||||
Rice field | |||||||||
Control | 5.01 d | 8.49 c | 2.24 d | 4.07 d | 3.05 d | 1.06 b | 74 c | 28.3 c | 119 c |
Cd-polluted | 5.12 d | 5.63 d | 0.65 e | 0.94 e | 1.25 e | 0.97 b | 23 d | 20.4 d | 87 d |
BC3 | 6.44 bc | 22.3 a | 13.1 a | 16.7 a | 9.71 a | 2.13 a | 168 a | 68.1 a | 178 a |
BC3 + Cd | 7.52 a | 15.1 b | 6.81 b | 8.21 b | 7.22 b | 1.83 a | 138 ab | 54.3 b | 142 b |
BC4 | 6.09 c | 17.9 b | 5.32 bc | 6.83 bc | 8.24 b | 1.94 a | 136 ab | 59.2 a | 167 a |
BC4 + Cd | 6.68 b | 9.21 c | 4.14 c | 5.49 c | 5.25 c | 1.71 a | 103 b | 47.4 b | 138 b |
Rice field | |||||||||
Control | 4.97 d | 9.02 c | 2.19 d | 4.38 d | 3.49 d | 1.12 c | 88 c | 36.8 c | 144 c |
Cd-polluted | 5.04 d | 6.24 d | 0.17 e | 1.25 e | 0.98 e | 1.01 c | 54 d | 20.2 d | 103 d |
BC3 | 6.67 bc | 19.4 a | 6.48 a | 9.94 a | 10.3 a | 2.23 a | 169 a | 67.3 a | 191 a |
BC3 + Cd | 7.98 a | 17.2 b | 5.13 b | 6.34 b | 7.51 b | 2.03 a | 123 b | 55.2 b | 173 b |
BC4 | 6.16 c | 15.5 b | 3.39 c | 5.96 bc | 7.04 b | 1.87 b | 121 b | 54.9 b | 179 b |
BC4 + Cd | 7.04 b | 10.3 c | 3.24 c | 5.22 c | 5.14 c | 1.67 b | 119 b | 53.3 b | 176 b |
Site Property | Description |
---|---|
General climate | Humid temperate continental monsoon climate |
Average annual air temperature (°C) | 17.2 |
Frost-free period (day) | 250 |
Average annual precipitation (mm) | 1359 |
Duration of sunshine (h year-1) | 1938.3 |
Parent material | Fluvial alluvium |
Clay minerals | Mainly mica and montmorillonite |
Soil classification (WRB) | Hydragric anthrosol |
Soil tillage system | Rotation |
Property | Rice Field | Maize Field | BC3 | BC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.72 | 5.68 | 8.97 | 7.95 |
EC (dS m−1) | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.63 | 0.52 |
CEC (cmolc kg−1) | 7.82 | 8.95 | 45.7 | 19.4 |
Specific surface area (m2 g−1) | - | - | 92.3 | 36.4 |
Organic C (%) | 1.13 | 1.06 | 54.6 | 46.1 |
H (%) | - | - | 2.21 | 3.82 |
O (%) | - | - | 18.2 | 25.9 |
N (%) | 0.67 | 0.56 | 1.09 | 0.64 |
C/N ratio | - | - | 50 | 72 |
NO3--N (g kg−1) | 0.028 | 0.019 | 0.098 | 0.032 |
Exchangeable K (cmol(+) kg−1) | 2.28 | 2.21 | 25.53 | 11.38 |
Exchangeable Ca (cmol(+) kg−1) | 3.92 | 4.12 | 30.34 | 12.21 |
Exchangeable Mg (cmol(+) kg−1) | 3.21 | 3.41 | 22.87 | 8.08 |
Ash content (%) | - | - | 38.4 | 19.3 |
Sand (%) | 8.6 | 9.5 | - | - |
Silt (%) | 31.6 | 35.2 | - | - |
Clay (%) | 59.8 | 55.3 | - | - |
Texture | Clay | Clay | - | - |
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Ghorbani, M.; Konvalina, P.; Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Kopecký, M.; Amirahmadi, E.; Moudrý, J., Jr.; Menšík, L. Preliminary Findings on Cadmium Bioaccumulation and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Biochar Made from C3- and C4-Originated Straw. Plants 2022, 11, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111424
Ghorbani M, Konvalina P, Neugschwandtner RW, Kopecký M, Amirahmadi E, Moudrý J Jr., Menšík L. Preliminary Findings on Cadmium Bioaccumulation and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Biochar Made from C3- and C4-Originated Straw. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111424
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhorbani, Mohammad, Petr Konvalina, Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner, Marek Kopecký, Elnaz Amirahmadi, Jan Moudrý, Jr., and Ladislav Menšík. 2022. "Preliminary Findings on Cadmium Bioaccumulation and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Biochar Made from C3- and C4-Originated Straw" Plants 11, no. 11: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111424