Elemental Composition of Commercial Herbal Tea Plants and Respective Infusions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Herbal Tea Plant Characterization
2.2. Elemental Composition
2.3. Infusion Elemental Composition
2.4. Principal Component Analysis
3. Discussion
Elemental Phytotherapeutic Potential
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Elemental Determination in Plant Samples
4.2. Elemental Determination in Plant Infusion
4.3. Principal Component Analysis
4.4. Statistical Analysis and Control Assurance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Code | Common Name | Scientific Name | Plant Organ | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apiaceae | Got | Gotu Kola | Hydrocotyle asiatica (L.) | Aerial parts | India |
Ani | Anise | Pimpinella anisum (L.) | Seeds | Spain | |
Fen | Fennel | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Aerial parts | Portugal | |
Asteraceae | Art | Artichoke | Cynara scolymus (L.) | Leaf | Morocco |
Mug | Mugwort | Artemisia vulgaris (L.) | Leaf | Portugal | |
Gbu | Greater budock | Arctium lappa (L.) | Root | China | |
Cha | Chamomile | Matricaria chamomilla (L.) | Flower | Egypt | |
Mth | Milk thistle | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | Aerial parts | Portugal | |
Dan | Dandelion | Taraxacum officinale Weber. | Aerial parts | Portugal | |
Ech | Echinacea | Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) | Aerial parts | Portugal | |
RCh | Roman Chamomile | Anthemis nobilis (L.) | Flower | European Union | |
Yar | Yarrow | Achillea millefolium (L.) | Flower | Portugal | |
Fabaceae | Car | Carqueja | Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. | Flower | Portugal |
Fgr | Fenugreek | Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) | Seeds | India | |
Sen | Senna | Cassia angustifolia Vahl. | Follicle | India | |
Lamiaceae | Rse | Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinallis L.) | Leaf | European Union |
Lav | Lavender | Lavandula spica (L.) | Flower | Spain | |
Lba | Lemon balm | Melissa officinalis (L.) | Leaf | Portugal | |
Pep | Peppermint | Mentha x piperita (L. | Leaf | Poland | |
Thy | Thyme | Thymus vulgaris (L.) | Leaf | Portugal | |
Wne | White nettle | Lamium album (L.) | Aerial parts | Portugal | |
Malvaceae | MMa | Marsh mallow | Althaea officinalis (L.) | Root | Bulgaria |
Ros | Roselle | Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) | Flower | Egypt | |
CMa | Common mallow | Malva sylvestris (L.) | Leaf | Portugal | |
Lin | Linden | Tilia sp. (L.) | Inflorescence | Portugal |
F | Sample | Ca | K | S | Sr | Zn | Cu | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apiaceae | Got | 2.5 ± 0.04 a | 6.0 ± 0.04 a | 9475 ± 142 a | 47.7 ± 1.5 a | 115 ± 6 a | 24.7 ± 8.0 b | 728 ± 29.1 a |
(115 ± 1.6) 23.0% | (226 ± 2.23) 18.8% | (95.8 ± 3.94) 50.6% | (0.57 ± 0.07) 59.7% | (0.48 ± 0.08) 20.8% | (0.04 ± 0.003) 8.10% | (0.28 ± 0.02) 1.92% | ||
Ani | 1.6 ± 0.03 b | 3.5 ± 0.03 b | 2349 ± 70 b | 48.4 ± 1.5 a | 53.2 ± 4.6 b | 21.1 ± 7.3 b | 242 ± 19.5 b | |
(67.0 ± 1.24). 20.9% | (210 ± 2.1) 30.0% | (23.0 ± 0.96) 48.9% | (0.27 ± 0.013) 27.9% | (0.16 ± 0.012) 15.0% | (0.04 ± 0.003) 9.40% | (0.16 ± 0.014) 3.30% | ||
Fen | 2.4 ± 0.04 a | 2.6 ± 0.03 c | 1496 ± 80 c | 15.0 ± 1.1 b | 21.3 ± 4.5 c | 38.1 ± 9.5 a | BDL | |
(185 ± 2.13) 38.5% | (217 ± 2.15) 41.7% | (29.0 ± 1.98) 96.9% | (0.11 ± 0.009) 36.6% | (0.21 ± 0.03) 49.3% | (0.05 ± 0.006) 6.50% | |||
Asteraceae | Art | 2.2 ± 0.03 d | 1.5 ± 0.02 f | 1582 ± 66 e | 36.8 ± 1.4 b | 31.3 ± 4.2 e | 30.5 ± 7.9 c | 78.3 ± 17.3 g |
(200 ± 2.25) 45.4% | (189 ± 1.94) 63.0% | (28.0 ± 2.68) 88.5% | (0.66 ± 0.07) 89.7% | (0.06 ± 0.005) 9.60% | (0.03 ± 0.002) 4.90% | (0.14 ± 0.02) 8.90% | ||
Mug | 3.2 ± 0.04 c | 3.8 ± 0.03 b | 1954 ± 81 d | 17.7 ± 1.2 f | 36.5 ± 4.9 d | 27.8 ± 9.2 c | 176 ± 21 e | |
(70.7 ± 1.27) 11.0% | (205 ± 2.06) 27.0% | (12.6 ± 0.53) 32.2% | (0.07 ± 0.004) 19.8% | (0.12 ± 0.009) 16.4% | (0.04 ± 0.002) 7.20% | (0.04 ± 0.006) 1.13% | ||
Gbu | 0.6 ± 0.02 g | 1.9 ± 0.02 e | 2377 ± 62 c | 27.6 ± 1.1 d | 37.8 ± 3.7 d | 31.1 ± 6.4 c | 1019 ± 27 a | |
(15.0 ± 0.84) 12.5% | (171 ± 1.80) 45.0% | (24.2 ± 1.01) 50.9% | (0.10 ± 0.006) 18.1% | (0.08 ± 0.007) 10.6% | (0.10 ± 0.001) 16.1% | (0.12 ± 0.03) 0.59% | ||
Cha | 1.1 ± 0.03 f | 5.6 ± 0.04 a | 2645 ± 97 b | 36.8 ± 1.5 b | 51.7 ± 5.3 c | 42.5 ± 9.4 b | 598 ± 29 b | |
(31.4 ± 0.97) 14.3% | (311 ± 2.89) 27.8% | (34.4 ± 1.43) 65.0% | (0.16 ± 0.010) 21.7% | (0.24 ± 0.04) 23.2% | (0.04 ± 0.003) 4.70% | (0.08 ± 0.013) 0.67% | ||
Mth | 4.9 ± 0.06 b | 3.7 ± 0.04 b | 1222 ± 98 f | 78.5 ± 2.0 a | 64.8 ± 5.4 b | 27.8 ± 8.7 c | 389 ± 24 d | |
(337 ± 3.28) 34.4% | (370 ± 3.31) 50.0% | (17.1 ± 0.72) 70.0% | (0.85 ± 0.11) 54.1% | (0.24 ± 0.015) 18.5% | (0.08 ± 0.010) 14.4% | (0.06 ± 0.007) 0.77% | ||
Dan | 2.3 ± 0.04 d | 3.8 ± 0.04 b | 2860 ± 86 a | 24.1 ± 1.2 e | 75.0 ± 5.5 a | 23.0 ± 8.1 c | 526 ± 26 c | |
(165 ± 1.98) 35.9% | (353 ± 3.22) 46.4% | (35.8 ± 1.48) 62.6% | (0.15 ± 0.009) 31.1% | (0.32 ± 0.04) 21.3% | (0.06 ± 0.007) 13.0% | (0.10 ± 0.002) 0.95% | ||
Ech | 5.6 ± 0.05 a | 3.0 ± 0.03 d | 1830 ± 76 d | 32.6 ± 1.3 c | 19.1 ± 4.0 f | 27.8 ± 9.4 c | 60.2 ± 17.3 g | |
(509 ± 4.59) 45.4% | (245 ± 2.38) 40.8% | (16.9 ± 0.71) 46.2% | (0.39 ± 0.027) 59.8% | (0.14 ± 0.012) 36.6% | (0.02 ± 0.003) 3.60% | (0.03 ± 0.005) 2.49% | ||
RCh | 1.8 ± 0.03 e | 3.4 ± 0.03 c | 1033 ± 73 g | 31.1 ± 1.5 c | 31.1 ± 5.1 e | 25.9 ± 10.1 c | 122 ± 21 f | |
(19.5 ± 0.88) 5.42% | (192 ± 1.96) 28.2% | (11.3 ± 0.48) 54.7% | (0.07 ± 0.006) 11.2% | (0.18 ± 0.016) 28.9% | (0.06 ± 0.009) 11.6% | (0.03 ± 0.006) 1.23% | ||
Yar | 1.2 ± 0.03 f | 3.5 ± 0.04 c | 1399 ± 104 f | 17.9 ± 1.4 f | 56.4 ± 6.8 b | 53.9 ± 12.7 a | 43 ± 12 h | |
(35.0 ± 1.00) 14.6% | (258 ± 2.48) 36.8% | (17.8 ± 0.74) 63.6% | (0.07 ± 0.008) 19.6% | (0.28 ± 0.024) 24.8% | (0.08 ± 0.012) 7.42% | (0.03 ± 0.004) 3.49% | ||
Fabaceae | Car | 0.5 ± 0.02 b | 2.8 ± 0.03 b | 1557 ± 88 c | 11.9 ± 1.0 c | 49.9 ± 5.0 a | 38.2 ± 8.5 a | 120 ± 19 a |
(9.6 ± 0.72) 9.60% | (81.9 ± 1.10) 14.6% | (8.7 ± 0.37) 27.9% | (0.02 ± 0.002) 8.40% | (0.22 ± 0.017) 22.0% | (0.02 ± 0.002) 2.62% | (0.08 ± 0.015) 3.33% | ||
Fgr | 0.2 ± 0.01 c | 1.3 ± 0.02 c | 2616 ± 70 b | 13.6 ± 0.8 b | 46.5 ± 4.0 a | 16.8 ± 6.2 b | BDL | |
(16.3 ± 0.85) 40.8% | (56.5 ± 0.90) 21.7% | (8.9 ± 0.17) 17.0% | BDL | (0.08 ± 0.005) 8.60% | BDL | ---- | ||
Sen | 2.5 ± 0.04 a | 4.6 ± 0.04 a | 4724 ± 135 a | 130 ± 3 a | 31.0 ± 4.9 b | 35.8 ± 9.6 a | 96.7 ± 19.6 b | |
(46.4 ± 1.08) 9.28% | (180 ± 1.87) 19.5% | (14.1 ± 0.59) 14.9% | (1.1 ± 0.076) 42.3% | (0.16 ± 0.012) 25.8% | (0.02 ± 0.003) 2.79% | (0.08 ± 0.011) 4.14% | ||
Lamiaceae | Rse | 1.8 ± 0.03 f | 1.6 ± 0.02 e | 968 ± 66 e | 29.0 ± 1.3 c | 25.8 ± 4.5 e | 34.4 ± 9.1 a | 317 ± 24 a |
(97.7 ± 1.47) 27.1% | (142 ± 1.57) 44.4% | (16.2 ± 0.88) 83.6% | (0.25 ± 0.033) 43.1% | (0.14 ± 0.01) 27.1% | (0.04 ± 0.005) 5.81% | (0.03 ± 0.004) 0.47% | ||
Lav | 2.2 ± 0.03 e | 2.6 ± 0.03 d | 3097 ± 95 d | 75.8 ± 2.1 a | 28.0 ± 4.9 e | 40.2 ± 10.0 a | 198 ± 22 c | |
(66.4 ± 1.23) 15.1% | (214 ± 2.13) 41.1% | (38.8 ± 1.61) 62.6% | (0.56 ± 0.061) 36.9% | (0.18 ± 0.03) 32.1% | (0.04 ± 0.002) 4.98% | (0.03 ± 0.003) 0.76% | ||
Lba | 2.7 ± 0.04 c | 5.8 ± 0.04 a | 4416 ± 93 c | 22.1 ± 1.2 d | 51.3 ± 5.3 c | 26.5 ± 9.00 c | 77.5 ± 18.6 d | |
(114 ± 1.59) 21.1% | (425 ± 3.78) 36.6% | (29.1 ± 1.21) 32.9% | (0.21 ± 0.03) 47.5% | (0.28 ± 0.02) 27.3% | (0.04 ± 0.003) 7.55% | (0.02 ± 0.002) 1.29% | ||
Pep | 2.5 ± 0.03 d | 3.3 ± 0.03 c | 4751 ± 100 b | 47.6 ± 1.7 b | 36.9 ± 5.1 d | 25.9 ± 9.7 c | 204 ± 23 c | |
(116 ± 1.61) 23.2% | (271 ± 2.58) 41.0% | (51.3 ± 2.12) 54.0% | (0.38 ± 0.049) 39.9% | (0.16 ± 0.02) 21.7% | (0.02 ± 0.003) 3.86% | (0.03 ± 0.003) 0.74% | ||
Thy | 2.9 ± 0.04 b | 3.8 ± 0.04 b | 4872 ± 150 b | 9.5 ± 1.1 f | 99.1 ± 7.1 a | 31.3 ± 10.4 b | 193 ± 23 c | |
(133 ± 1.74) 22.9% | (229 ± 2.25) 30.1% | (30.0 ± 1.24) 30.8% | (0.06 ± 0.004) 31.6% | (0.44 ± 0.06) 22.2% | (0.04 ± 0.006) 6.39% | (0.02 ± 0.006) 0.52% | ||
Wne | 4.4 ± 0.05 a | 0.6 ± 0.04 f | 5969 ± 147 a | 11.4 ± 1.1 e | 58.9 ± 5.8 b | 29.8 ± 9.9 b | 267 ± 24 b | |
(58.1 ± 1.17) 6.60% | (103 ± 1.73) 85.8% | (38.8 ± 1.60) 32.5% | (0.04 ± 0.007) 17.5% | (0.22 ± 0.04) 18.7% | (0.04 ± 0.004) 6.71% | (0.05 ± 0.003) 0.94% | ||
Malvaceae | MMa | 1.4 ± 0.02 c | 1.9 ± 0.02 d | 3618 ± 83 c | 53.1 ± 1.6 a | 34.9 ± 4.4 b | 31.8 ± 8.3 b | 498 ± 25 a |
(24.1 ± 0.91) 8.60% | (112 ± 1.33) 29.4% | (23.5 ± 0.98) 32.5% | (0.09 ± 0.011) 8.47% | (0.05 ± 0.007) 7.16% | (0.04 ± 0.001) 6.28% | (0.04 ± 0.005) 0.40% | ||
Ros | 1.6 ± 0.03 b | 2.6 ± 0.02 c | 969 ± 57 d | 64.8 ± 1.6 b | 29.0 ± 3.9 c | BDL | 216 ± 20 b | |
(167 ± 2.00) 52.2% | (304 ± 2.84) 58.4% | (14.4 ± 0.60) 74.3% | (0.91 ± 0.10) 70.2% | (0.42 ± 0.06) 72.4% | ---- | (0.56 ± 0.06) 13.0% | ||
CMa | 3.5 ± 0.05 a | 3.8 ± 0.04 a | 6630 ± 130 a | 31.2 ± 1.6 d | 57.6 ± 6.5 a | 23.0 ± 11.5 b | 131 ± 24 c | |
(261 ± 2.71) 37.3% | (347 ± 3.18) 45.6% | (79.3 ± 3.27) 59.8% | (0.40 ± 0.05) 64.1% | (0.44 ± 0.05) 38.2% | (0.04 ± 0.002) 8.70% | (0.16 ± 0.021) 6.10% | ||
Lin | 1.4 ± 0.03 c | 3.1 ± 0.03 b | 4578 ± 160 b | 35.8 ± 1.6 c | 32.6 ± 5.6 b | 46.5 ± 11.5 a | 55.1 ± 24.7 d | |
(33.8 ± 0.99) 12.1% | (121 ± 1.41) 19.5% | (15.8 ± 0.25) 17.2% | (0.15 ± 0.021) 20.9% | (0.08 ± 0.006) 12.2% | (0.02 ± 0.001) 2.15% | (0.04 ± 0.004) 3.63% |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 2.16 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.26 |
Variance (%) | 30.9 | 18.1 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 3.6 |
Cumulative Variance (%) | 30.9 | 49.0 | 64.3 | 79.2 | 88.6 | 96.4 | 100.0 |
Components | |||
---|---|---|---|
Attributes | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
Ca | 0.23 | 0.70 * | −0.36 |
K | 0.70 * | 0.15 | 0.38 |
S | 0.80 * | 0.05 | −0.08 |
Sr | 0.13 | 0.64 ** | 0.596 |
Zn | 0.85 * | −0.27 | −0.23 |
Cu | −0.11 | −0.32 | 0.60 ** |
Fe | 0.48 | −0.40 | 0.13 |
Acronym/Element/Infusion Solubility (%) | EDI | RDI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ros | Ca | 52.2% | 4.21 × 10−4 | 800 mg |
Wne | K | 85.8% | 2.60 × 10−4 | 2000 mg |
Art | K | 63.0% | 4.76 × 10−4 | |
Fen | S | 96.9% | 7.31 × 10−5 | 13 mg |
Art | S | 88.5% | 7.06 × 10−5 | |
Rse | S | 83.6% | 4.08 × 10−5 | |
Ros | S | 74.3% | 3.63 × 10−5 | |
Mth | S | 70.0% | 4.31 × 10−5 | |
Art | Sr | 89.7% | 1.66 × 10−6 | --- |
Ros | Sr | 70.2% | 2.29 × 10−6 | |
Ros | Zn | 72.4% | 1.06 × 10−6 | 10 mg |
Mth | Cu | 16.1% | 2.52 × 10−7 | 1 mg |
Ros | Fe | 13.0% | 1.41 × 10−6 | 14 mg |
Element | Certified | Current Work | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ca | 20,900 ± 300 | 19,700 ± 600 | 94 |
Cu | 12 ± 1.0 | 13 ± 1.0 | 108 |
Fe | 300 ± 20 | 278 ± 7 | 93 |
K | 14,700 ± 300 | 14,000 ± 400 | 95 |
S | 2300 * | 2090 | |
Sr | 37 * | 39 | |
Zn | 25 ± 3 | 23 ± 2 | 92 |
Instrument | ICP Ultima |
---|---|
RF generator power | 1.05 kw |
RF frequency | 40.68 MHz |
Plasma gas flow rate | 12 L/min |
Carrier gas flow rate | 1.0 L/min |
Sample introduction | Miramist nebulizer |
Misting chamber | Cyclonic glass chamber |
Observation method | Radial |
Injector tube diameter | 3 mm |
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Fernandes, J.; Reboredo, F.H.; Luis, I.; Silva, M.M.; Simões, M.M.; Lidon, F.C.; Ramalho, J.C. Elemental Composition of Commercial Herbal Tea Plants and Respective Infusions. Plants 2022, 11, 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111412
Fernandes J, Reboredo FH, Luis I, Silva MM, Simões MM, Lidon FC, Ramalho JC. Elemental Composition of Commercial Herbal Tea Plants and Respective Infusions. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111412
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Jaime, Fernando H. Reboredo, Inês Luis, Maria Manuela Silva, Maria M. Simões, Fernando C. Lidon, and José C. Ramalho. 2022. "Elemental Composition of Commercial Herbal Tea Plants and Respective Infusions" Plants 11, no. 11: 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111412