Comparative Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and Sodium Azide in Inducing Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutants of Cowpea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Seed Germination
2.2. Pollen Fertility
2.3. Chlorophyll Mutants: Frequency and Spectrum
- Albina: Lethal mutants lacking all photopigments, leaves were white. Seedlings survived for two weeks after germination.
- Chlorina: The first pair of seedling leaves were light green. Plants remained light green throughout the growth period. Seedlings survived to maturity.
- Xantha: Leaves were yellow due to the absence of chlorophyll. Seedlings survived up to three–four leaf stages.
- Tigrina: Leaves showed yellow and green patches. Seedlings survived for 3–4 weeks.
- Viridis: Leaves were initially light/yellow-green (viridine green) but gradually turned green. Seedlings were short in height and slow-growing. Seedlings survived to maturity.
- Xanthaviridis: Leaves were a viridine green color. Seedlings survived to maturity.
2.4. Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency
2.5. Morphological Mutations
2.5.1. Plant Height Mutants
- Control: The height in untreated plants was 180.32–182.61 cm (Figure 6a).
- Tall mutants: These were tall with broader, dark green foliage, sparse branching, extended internodes, normal seed set, and attained a height of 180–185 cm (Figure 6b). These were induced at a frequency of 0.11 and 0.09% in the G1- and S2-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Dwarf mutants: These mutants remained dwarf throughout the growth period, exhibited short internodes, few leaves, reduced pod and seed size, low yield, and were severely stunted, measuring 110–115 cm in height (Figure 6c). These were induced at a frequency of 0.04% in the G2- and S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Semi-dwarf mutants: These mutants showed a height of 140–150 cm, shorter internodes, decreased branches, pods, and yield (Figure 6d). These were induced at a frequency of 0.01% in the G2S2- and S2-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
2.5.2. Growth Habit Mutants
- Control: Cowpea is an annual herb with a glabrous stem and a robust taproot system with erect or climbing growth habits.
- Semi-dwarf spreading mutants: These mutants reflected Gigas-like characteristics, vigorous growth, longer internodes, broader leaves, and spreading branches with wide branch angles (Figure 6e). These were isolated at a frequency of 0.03 and 0.02% in the G2- and S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Bushy mutants: These were short with condensed internodes, compact branches, and leaflets (Figure 6f). These mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.08% and 0.07% in the G3- and S2-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- One-sided branching mutants: These mutant plants showed branches on one side of the stem, a few pods, and shriveled seeds. These mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.03 and 0.02% in the G2S2- and S3-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Axillary branched mutants: These were profusely branched with reduced internodes and yield (Figure 6g). These were induced at a frequency of 0.03 and 0.02% in the G1- and S2-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Prostrate mutants: These were initially straight but showed a trailing habit at the soil surface due to vigorous secondary branching (Figure 6h). These mutants were induced at a frequency of 0.02% and 0.03% in the G1S1- and G3S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
2.5.3. Leaf Mutants
- Control: The first pair of true leaves are simple and opposite. The leaves are dark, green, compound, smooth, dull to shiny, and pubescent with three oval leaflets. The two side leaflets are asymmetrical, and one central terminal leaflet is symmetrical (Figure 7a).
- Broad-leaved/Gigas mutants: These mutants were tall, with profuse secondary branching with broader leaflets, extended rachis, and robust growth. The leaflets were larger (two times bigger than the control) with broad lamina. These mutants were induced in moderate γ rays and SA treatments with a frequency of 0.06 and 0.05% in the G1S1- and G3S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 7b).
- Narrow-leaved mutants: These mutants possessed narrow or small needle-like leaflets, pointed leaf tips, small pods, and few seeds. Branching was normal; however, flowering and maturity were delayed (Figure 7c). Such mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.05% and 0.04% in the G2S2- and S3-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Elongated rachis: These mutants revealed increased rachis, narrow leaflets, and pointed leaf tips (Figure 7d). Such mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.04 and 0.03% in the G1- and G3S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Altered leaf architecture: These mutants exhibited notched leaflets, irregular leaf margins, abnormal leaf tips, and venation (Figure 7e,f). These mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.03 and 0.02% in the G2- and S3-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Abnormal leaflet number: These plants were characterized by an abnormal number of leaflets, including two (bifoliate), four (tetrafoliate), and five (pentafoliate) mutants (Figure 7g–l). These mutants were not stable and showed segregation in the subsequent generations. Hence, these mutants were not included in the frequency calculations.
2.5.4. Flower Mutants
- Control: The flowers were usually in pairs, yellowish in color, with racemose inflorescences born on peduncles in the leaf axils. Peduncles were 2–20 cm long, stout, and grooved. The flowers were 2–3 cm in diameter with a straight keel, diadelphous stamens, a sessile ovary with several ovules, a bearded style, and an oblique stigma (Figure 8a).
- Flower color mutants: These were characterized by flowers that gradually turned white, blue, and red instead of yellow in the parent variety. Few flower mutants exhibited variation even in the color of the petals (Figure 8b). Blue flowers were recorded more frequently than white flowers in Gomati VU-89. However, white mutants appeared more often than blue flowers in Pusa-578 (Figure 8c). The G3 treatment showed a higher frequency of flower mutants in Gomati VU-89 (0.03%) and Pusa-578 (0.04%).
- Multiple flower mutants: In these mutants, each peduncle consisted of three to four normal flowers instead of two flowers in the parent variety. These mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.03% in the G1S1- and S1-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 8d,e).
- Open flower mutants: These possessed flowers with broad keel and wings, exposed stamens, and stigma. Such mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.06 in the G3- and G4S4-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 8f).
- Non-flowering mutants: These mutants did not flower at all and remained vegetative throughout the growth period. These appeared at a frequency of 0.01 and 0.02% in the G4- and G4S4-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Late flowering mutants: In these mutants, the flowering was delayed by 9 to 10 days compared to untreated plants. Such mutants were commonly observed in populations treated with higher mutagen doses at a frequency of 0.04% and 0.03% in the G4S4- and G4-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Early maturing mutants: These mutants matured 3 to 4 days earlier than the untreated population and appeared at a frequency of 0.02% in the G2- and S2-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
2.5.5. Pod Mutants
- Control: Pods were pending and vertical, 23–30 cm long, 5–10 mm wide, containing 9–12 seeds. Pods occurred singly or in pairs (Figure 9a).
- Small/narrow pods: These mutants possessed narrow and small pods that appeared at a frequency of 0.07 and 0.06% in the G2S2- and S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 9b).
- Bold-seeded pods: These mutants showed robust growth, profuse branching, broad leaflets, large-sized flowers, and longer pods containing bold seeds. Such mutants were induced at lower and intermediate doses with 0.06 and 0.05% frequency in the G1- and S2-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 9c).
2.5.6. Seed Mutants
- Control: Seeds were brown and white with smooth seed coats in Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively (Figure 10).
- Seed coat color mutants: These were upright and straight, with light green leaves, compared to the parent variety’s dark green leaves. Such mutants were characterized by red or black smooth seed coats. Such mutants were induced at an equal frequency of 0.06% in the G2S2- and G3S3-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Seed coat pattern mutants: These mutants revealed streaked, speckled, and stippled rough seed coats. Such mutants appeared at a frequency of 0.07% and 0.06% in the G4- and S3-treated populations of Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
- Seed shape and surface mutants: These mutants revealed alterations in seed attributes and appeared at a frequency of 0.09% and 0.08% in the G2S2- and S3-treated populations of varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively.
3. Discussion
3.1. Seed Germination
3.2. Pollen Fertility
3.3. Chlorophyll Mutations
3.4. Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency
3.5. Morphological Mutations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Materials and Seed Irradiation
4.2. Experimental Site and Crop Cultivation
Details of the Field Trials
4.3. Field Analysis
4.3.1. Seed Germination
4.3.2. Chlorophyll Mutants
4.4. Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency
4.5. Morphological Mutants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Var. Gomati VU-89 | Var. Pusa-578 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of M1 Plant Progenies | No. of Plant Progenies Segregating in M2 | Mutated Plant (%) | No. of M1 Plant Progenies | No. of Plant Progenies Segregating in M2 | Mutated Plant (%) | |
C | 270 | 0 | 0.00 f | 260 | 0 | 0.00 i |
G1 | 245 | 2 | 0.82 h | 235 | 1 | 0.43 h |
G2 | 223 | 11 | 4.93 b | 213 | 5 | 2.35 f |
G3 | 208 | 7 | 3.37 e | 200 | 6 | 3.00 de |
G4 | 195 | 9 | 4.62 b | 185 | 6 | 3.24 cd |
S1 | 235 | 2 | 0.85 h | 225 | 1 | 0.44 h |
S2 | 218 | 5 | 2.29 g | 208 | 5 | 2.40 f |
S3 | 203 | 5 | 2.46 g | 193 | 4 | 2.07 g |
S4 | 183 | 6 | 3.28 ef | 173 | 6 | 3.47 bc |
G1S1 | 230 | 7 | 3.04 f | 220 | 6 | 2.73 e |
G2S2 | 210 | 8 | 3.81d | 200 | 6 | 3.00 de |
G3S3 | 192 | 8 | 4.17 c | 182 | 7 | 3.85 a |
G4S4 | 178 | 10 | 5.62 a | 168 | 6 | 3.57 b |
Doses | N | Var. Gomati VU-89 | F (%) | k | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albina | Chlorina | Xantha | Tigrina | Viridis | Xanthviridis | CMS | ||||
C | 3255 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.00 e | - |
G1 | 3205 | 12 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 3 | - | 29 | 0.90 bc | - |
G2 | 3146 | 13 | 7 | 5 | - | 4 | - | 29 | 0.92 bc | - |
G3 | 3102 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 33 | 1.06 b | - |
G4 | 3050 | 9 | 8 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | 22 | 0.72 cd | - |
S1 | 3185 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 28 | 0.88 bc | - |
S2 | 3102 | 14 | 8 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 28 | 0.90 bc | - |
S3 | 3052 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 | - | 2 | 28 | 0.92 bc | - |
S4 | 2925 | 9 | 10 | 4 | - | 2 | 1 | 26 | 0.89 bc | - |
G1S1 | 3025 | 11 | - | - | 1 | - | 4 | 16 | 0.53 d | 0.30 d |
G2S2 | 2956 | 13 | 12 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 29 | 0.98 b | 0.54 c |
G3S3 | 2854 | 15 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 48 | 1.68 a | 0.85 b |
G4S4 | 2705 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 44 | 1.63 a | 1.02 a |
C | 3147 | Var. Pusa-578 | 0.00 g | - | ||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
G1 | 3097 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - | 18 | 0.58 ef | - |
G2 | 3038 | 11 | 5 | 3 | - | 2 | - | 21 | 0.69 de | - |
G3 | 2994 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 0.77 cd | - |
G4 | 2942 | 7 | 7 | 0 | - | 2 | 1 | 17 | 0.58 ef | - |
S1 | 3077 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | 29 | 0.94 bc | - |
S2 | 2994 | 13 | 10 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 29 | 0.97 b | - |
S3 | 2944 | 13 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 1.02 b | - |
S4 | 2817 | 11 | 9 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | 25 | 0.89 bc | - |
G1S1 | 2917 | 10 | - | - | 1 | - | 3 | 14 | 0.48 f | 0.32 c |
G2S2 | 2848 | 14 | 9 | - | 2 | - | 2 | 27 | 0.95 bc | 0.57 b |
G3S3 | 2746 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 49 | 1.78 a | 0.99 a |
G4S4 | 2597 | 14 | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 44 | 1.69 a | 1.15 a |
Mutagen | Var. Gomati VU-89 | Frequency | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albina | Chlorina | Xantha | Tigrina | Viridis | Xanthviridis | ||
γ rays | 0.35 b | 0.25 a | 0.13 a | 0.02 b | 0.10 a | 0.06 a | 0.90 |
SA | 0.38 ab | 0.29 a | 0.09 a | 0.06 a | 0.05 a | 0.04 a | 0.90 |
γ rays + SA | 0.47 a | 0.35 a | 0.11 a | 0.06 a | 0.11 a | 0.09 a | 1.19 |
Average Frequency | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
γ rays | Var. Pusa-578 | 0.65 | |||||
0.31 a | 0.19 a | 0.05 a | 0.03 b | 0.06 a | 0.02 b | ||
SA | 0.41 a | 0.30 a | 0.07 a | 0.06 ab | 0.08 a | 0.04 b | 0.96 |
γ rays + SA | 0.49 a | 0.33 a | 0.11 a | 0.10 a | 0.10 a | 0.08 a | 1.21 |
Average Frequency | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.94 |
Mutagen Doses | Var. Gomati VU-89 | Mp/I | Mp/S | Mp/Me | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling Injury (I) | Pollen Sterility (S) | Meiotic Aberrations (Me) | Mutated Plant (Mp) | Effectiveness | ||||
C | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
G1 | 10.91 g | 6.41 g | 3.19 f | 2 f | 0.02 e | 0.18 cde | 0.31 cd | 0.63 f |
G2 | 16.37 f | 7.69 fg | 5.14 de | 11 a | 0.06 e | 0.67 a | 1.43 a | 2.14 a |
G3 | 18.88 ef | 11.54 de | 5.47 de | 7 cde | 0.02 e | 0.37 bc | 0.61 bc | 1.28 bc |
G4 | 25.61 b | 15.90 c | 8.51 ab | 9 abc | 0.02 e | 0.35 bc | 0.57 bcd | 1.06 bcde |
S1 | 17.40 ef | 5.90 g | 1.63 fg | 2 f | 33.33 b | 0.11 de | 0.34 cd | 1.23 bcd |
S2 | 19.64 def | 9.74 ef | 3.50 ef | 5 e | 41.66 a | 0.25 bcd | 0.51 bcd | 1.43 b |
S3 | 22.31 cd | 15.38 c | 6.02 cd | 5 e | 27.77 c | 0.22 bcd | 0.33 cd | 0.83 def |
S4 | 29.13 a | 20.00 b | 7.63 bc | 6 de | 25.00 d | 0.21 bcd | 0.30 d | 0.79 ef |
G1S1 | 16.89 ef | 5.13 g | 5.44 de | 7 cde | 1.16 e | 0.41 b | 1.37 a | 1.29 bc |
G2S2 | 20.35 de | 10.77 de | 6.43 cd | 8 bcd | 0.33 e | 0.39 bc | 0.74 b | 1.25 bc |
G3S3 | 25.05 bc | 13.33 cd | 9.05 ab | 8 bcd | 0.14 e | 0.32 bcd | 0.60 bcd | 0.88 cdef |
G4S4 | 31.79 a | 22.82 a | 10.31 a | 10 ab | 0.10 e | 0.31 bcd | 0.44 cd | 0.97 cdef |
C | Var. Pusa-578 | -- | -- | -- | ||||
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
G1 | 12.28 e | 9.87 ef | 3.19 f | 1 c | 0.01 e | 0.08 cd | 0.10 fg | 0.31 de |
G2 | 17.17 cde | 11.14 ef | 5.77 bc | 6 ab | 0.03 e | 0.35 ab | 0.54 a | 1.04 abc |
G3 | 21.51 abc | 16.96 cd | 5.83 bc | 6 ab | 0.02 e | 0.28 ab | 0.35 bcd | 1.03 abc |
G4 | 23.47 ab | 21.01 b | 8.48 a | 6 ab | 0.02 e | 0.26 ab | 0.29 bcdef | 0.71 cd |
S1 | 11.99 e | 8.86 f | 1.05 g | 1 c | 16.66 d | 0.08 cd | 0.11 efg | 0.95 abc |
S2 | 14.84 de | 13.42 de | 3.56 ef | 5 ab | 41.66 a | 0.34 bc | 0.37 abcd | 1.41 a |
S3 | 19.18 bcd | 20.51 bc | 5.00 bcde | 4 b | 22.22 c | 0.21 bc | 0.20 def | 0.80 bc |
S4 | 20.12 bcd | 23.29 ab | 6.62 b | 6 ab | 25.00 b | 0.30 ab | 0.26 cdef | 0.91 abc |
G1S1 | 13.11 e | 10.89 ef | 4.05 def | 5 ab | 1.00 e | 0.38 a | 0.46 ab | 1.23 abc |
G2S2 | 17.72 bcde | 13.67 de | 4.90 cde | 6 ab | 0.25 e | 0.34 ab | 0.44 abc | 1.22 abc |
G3S3 | 21.12 bc | 21.77 b | 5.63 bcd | 7 ab | 0.13 e | 0.33 ab | 0.32 bcd | 1.24 abc |
G4S4 | 26.88 a | 26.33 a | 8.43 a | 8 a | 0.06 e | 0.30 ab | 0.30 bcde | 0.95 abc |
Doses | N | Var. Gomati VU-89 | % Mutated Plants | k | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant Height Mutants | Growth Habit Mutants | Leaf Mutants | Flower Mutants | Pod Mutants | Seed Mutants | Total Mutated Plants | ||||
C | 3050 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
G1 | 3000 | 8 | - | 6 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 29 | 0.97 e | - |
G2 | 2941 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 5 | - | 5 | 37 | 1.26 d | - |
G3 | 2897 | - | 16 | 9 | 7 | - | 6 | 38 | 1.31 cd | - |
G4 | 2845 | 8 | 8 | - | 2 | 6 | 3 | 27 | 0.95 e | - |
Total | 11,683 | 20 | 34 | 28 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 131 | 4.49 | - |
S1 | 2980 | 9 | - | 11 | 12 | - | 3 | 35 | 1.17 de | - |
S2 | 2897 | 5 | - | 6 | 5 | 11 | 6 | 33 | 1.14 de | - |
S3 | 2847 | - | 12 | 7 | 10 | - | 7 | 36 | 1.26 d | - |
S4 | 2720 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 49 | 1.80 b | - |
Total | 11,444 | 24 | 19 | 37 | 35 | 18 | 20 | 153 | 5.38 | - |
G1S1 | 2820 | 6 | - | - | 15 | - | 9 | 30 | 1.06 de | 0.49 c |
G2S2 | 2751 | 6 | - | 19 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 60 | 2.18 a | 0.90 a |
G3S3 | 2649 | - | 16 | 9 | - | - | 4 | 29 | 1.09 de | 0.42 d |
G4S4 | 2500 | - | 17 | 7 | - | 14 | 0 | 38 | 1.52 c | 0.55 b |
Total | 10,720 | 12 | 33 | 35 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 157 | 5.86 | 2.36 |
C | 2960 | Var. Pusa-578 | - | - | ||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
G1 | 2910 | 10 | - | 8 | 2 | - | 9 | 29 | 1.00 f | - |
G2 | 2851 | 2 | 9 | 14 | 4 | 11 | 10 | 50 | 1.75 bc | - |
G3 | 2807 | - | 14 | 8 | 5 | - | 5 | 32 | 1.14 ef | - |
G4 | 2755 | 7 | 10 | - | 4 | 8 | 3 | 32 | 1.16 ef | - |
Total | 11,323 | 19 | 33 | 30 | 15 | 19 | 27 | 143 | 5.05 | 0.00 |
S1 | 2890 | 10 | - | 11 | 12 | - | 4 | 37 | 1.28 ef | - |
S2 | 2807 | 7 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 48 | 1.71 bcd | - |
S3 | 2757 | - | - | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 36 | 1.31 def | - |
S4 | 2630 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 10 | - | 7 | 46 | 1.75 bc | - |
Total | 11,084 | 28 | 21 | 35 | 37 | 18 | 28 | 167 | 6.05 | 0.00 |
G1S1 | 2730 | 8 | - | - | 14 | - | 10 | 32 | 1.17 ef | 0.51 b |
G2S2 | 2661 | 8 | - | 17 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 64 | 2.41 a | 0.70 a |
G3S3 | 2559 | 3 | 15 | 11 | - | 2 | 5 | 36 | 1.41 cdef | 0.57 b |
G4S4 | 2410 | - | 14 | 9 | - | 15 | 0 | 38 | 1.58 bcde | 0.58 b |
Total | 10,360 | 19 | 29 | 37 | 29 | 30 | 26 | 170 | 6.56 | 2.42 |
Characters | Morphological Mutants | Var. Gomati VU-89 | Grand Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
γ Rays | SA | γ Rays + SA | Total | ||||||||
N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | ||
Plant height | Tall | 13 | 0.11 | 15 | 0.13 | 9 | 0.08 | 37 | 0.11 | 56 | 0.17 ab |
Dwarf | 5 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.04 | |||
Semi-Dwarf | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 4 | 0.01 | |||
Growth habit | Bushy | 8 | 0.07 | 7 | 0.06 | 12 | 0.11 | 27 | 0.08 | 63 | 0.19 a |
Prostrate | 1 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.05 | 8 | 0.02 | |||
Semi-Dwarf Spreading | 3 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.03 | 3 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | |||
One-Sided Branching | 7 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 9 | 0.03 | |||
Axillary Branching | 3 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.03 | |||
Leaf | Broad Leaf | 8 | 0.07 | 7 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.06 | 21 | 0.06 | 59 | 0.17 ab |
Narrow Leaf | 5 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.05 | |||
Altered Leaf Architecture | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.03 | |||
Elongated Rachis | 4 | 0.03 | 6 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.02 | 12 | 0.04 | |||
Flower | Multi Flowering | 4 | 0.04 | 3 | 0.03 | 3 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 66 | 0.19 a |
Flower Color | 2 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.04 | 11 | 0.03 | |||
Open Flower | 7 | 0.06 | 7 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.06 | 20 | 0.06 | |||
Non-Flowering | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.01 | |||
Late Flowering | 6 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.02 | 14 | 0.04 | |||
Early Maturity | 4 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 7 | 0.02 | |||
Pod | Narrow Pod | 7 | 0.06 | 8 | 0.07 | 10 | 0.09 | 25 | 0.07 | 45 | 0.13 b |
Broad Pod | 5 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.08 | 20 | 0.06 | |||
Seed | Coat Color | 7 | 0.06 | 8 | 0.07 | 7 | 0.07 | 22 | 0.06 | 75 | 0.22 a |
Coat Pattern | 6 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.08 | 8 | 0.07 | 23 | 0.07 | |||
Shape and Surface | 10 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.08 | 30 | 0.09 | |||
Grand Total | 120 | 1.03 | 126 | 1.10 | 118 | 1.10 | 364 | 1.08 |
Characters | Morphological Mutants | Var. Pusa-578 | Grand Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
γ Rays | SA | γ Rays + SA | Total | ||||||||
N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | N | F% | ||
Plant height | Tall | 10 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.10 | 8 | 0.08 | 29 | 0.09 | 44 | 0.13 a |
Dwarf | 4 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.01 | 12 | 0.04 | |||
Semi-Dwarf | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | |||
Growth habit | Bushy | 7 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.05 | 11 | 0.11 | 24 | 0.07 | 57 | 0.17 a |
Prostrate | 4 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 | 6 | 0.06 | 11 | 0.03 | |||
Semi-Dwarf Spreading | 2 | 0.02 | 3 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 7 | 0.02 | |||
One-Sided Branching | 5 | 0.04 | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 8 | 0.02 | |||
Axillary Branching | 2 | 0.02 | 3 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 7 | 0.02 | |||
Leaf | Broad Leaf | 7 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.05 | 5 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.05 | 50 | 0.15 a |
Narrow Leaf | 4 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.05 | 13 | 0.04 | |||
Altered Leaf Architecture | 1 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.02 | |||
Elongated Rachis | 5 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.01 | 11 | 0.03 | |||
Flower | Multi Flowering | 3 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.03 | 64 | 0.20 a |
Flower Color | 3 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.05 | 12 | 0.04 | |||
Open Flower | 6 | 0.05 | 8 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.05 | 19 | 0.06 | |||
Non-Flowering | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.02 | |||
Late Flowering | 5 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.01 | 11 | 0.03 | |||
Early Maturity | 3 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 | 8 | 0.02 | |||
Pod | Narrow Pod | 5 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.06 | 9 | 0.09 | 21 | 0.06 | 45 | 0.14 a |
Broad Pod | 4 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.05 | 8 | 0.08 | 17 | 0.05 | |||
Seed | Coat Color | 6 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.06 | 19 | 0.06 | 75 | 0.23 a |
Coat Pattern | 5 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.07 | 7 | 0.07 | 20 | 0.06 | |||
Shape and Surface | 9 | 0.08 | 10 | 0.09 | 8 | 0.08 | 27 | 0.08 | |||
Grand Total | 103 | 0.91 | 114 | 1.03 | 102 | 0.98 | 319 | 0.97 |
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Raina, A.; Laskar, R.A.; Wani, M.R.; Jan, B.L.; Ali, S.; Khan, S. Comparative Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and Sodium Azide in Inducing Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutants of Cowpea. Plants 2022, 11, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101322
Raina A, Laskar RA, Wani MR, Jan BL, Ali S, Khan S. Comparative Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and Sodium Azide in Inducing Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutants of Cowpea. Plants. 2022; 11(10):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101322
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaina, Aamir, Rafiul Amin Laskar, Mohammad Rafiq Wani, Basit Latief Jan, Sajad Ali, and Samiullah Khan. 2022. "Comparative Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and Sodium Azide in Inducing Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutants of Cowpea" Plants 11, no. 10: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101322