Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Pulp and Seed Extracts of Different Clones of the Turkish Grape Cultivar ‘Karaerik’
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials, Sampled Vineyards and Location
2.2. Morphological Traits
2.3. Extraction
2.4. Total Phenol Content
2.5. Total Antioxidant Capacity Measurement
2.5.1. 1,1-. Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl Assay
2.5.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
2.5.3. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity
2.6. Phenolic Compounds
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphological Traits
3.2. Total Phenolic Content
3.3. Total Antioxidant Capacity
3.3.1. DPPH Assay
3.3.2. FRAP Assay
3.3.3. TEAC Assay
3.3.4. Correlations between TPC and Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Phenolic Compounds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locations | Clones | Harvest Period | Number of Seed | Cluster Form | Cluster Weight (g) | Berry Weight (g) | Berry Peel Color | Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Üzümlü | Clone 1 | Mid-season | 2–3 | Winged cylindrical | 460 | 5.86 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 2 | Late season | 3–4 | Winged cylindrical | 505 | 6.13 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 3 | Late season | 3–4 | Winged cylindrical | 587 | 6.90 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 4 | Late season | 2–3 | Winged conical | 433 | 5.21 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 5 | Mid-late | 2–3 | Irregular winged conical | 456 | 5.60 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 6 | Mid-late | 2–3 | Irregular winged conical | 412 | 5.42 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 7 | Mid-season | 2–3 | Conical | 390 | 5.03 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 8 | Mid-late | 2–3 | Conical | 383 | 4.67 | Black | Table |
Üzümlü | Clone 9 | Mid-season | 1–2 | Conical | 346 | 4.59 | Black | Table |
Clones | Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g FW) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | |
Clone 1 | 117cd | 2.816ef | 204e |
Clone 2 | 129c | 2.775f | 218d |
Clone 3 | 111d | 2.904e | 211de |
Clone 4 | 121cd | 3.112d | 207e |
Clone 5 | 138b | 3.178d | 222cd |
Clone 6 | 126c | 3.386c | 245a |
Clone 7 | 134b | 3.514b | 233bc |
Clone 8 | 149a | 3.490bc | 229c |
Clone 9 | 143ab | 3.715a | 238b |
Clones | DPPH (μmol Trolox/100 g FW) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | |
Clone 1 | 1152c | 289bc | 1510e |
Clone 2 | 1186bc | 303bc | 1778c |
Clone 3 | 1080d | 276c | 1687d |
Clone 4 | 1125cd | 282bc | 1542e |
Clone 5 | 1260ab | 322ab | 1744c |
Clone 6 | 1242b | 310b | 1865b |
Clone 7 | 1286ab | 330ab | 1851b |
Clone 8 | 1340a | 347a | 1846b |
Clone 9 | 1316ab | 341ab | 1918a |
Clones | FRAP (μmol Trolox/100 g FW) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | |
Clone 1 | 3620cd | 82e | 42600cd |
Clone 2 | 3940bc | 97cd | 45260bc |
Clone 3 | 3544d | 77e | 39880d |
Clone 4 | 3870c | 90cd | 43700c |
Clone 5 | 3986bc | 104c | 48670b |
Clone 6 | 4235b | 86d | 48020b |
Clone 7 | 4436ab | 112b | 49300ab |
Clone 8 | 4127bc | 128a | 52460a |
Clone 9 | 4610a | 120ab | 50640ab |
Clones | TEAC (μmol Trolox/100 g FW) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | |
Clone 1 | 322bc | 56e | 1490bc |
Clone 2 | 348bc | 66d | 1530bc |
Clone 3 | 310c | 50f | 1464c |
Clone 4 | 340bc | 60def | 1510bc |
Clone 5 | 382ab | 70cd | 1610b |
Clone 6 | 360b | 76c | 1580bc |
Clone 7 | 374ab | 98a | 1682ab |
Clone 8 | 394ab | 80bc | 1702ab |
Clone 9 | 414a | 87b | 1730a |
Heading | TPC | DPPH | FRAP | TEAC | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | |
TPC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
DPPH | 0.84 ** | 0.82 * | 0.87 ** | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
FRAP | 0.81 ** | 0.75 * | 0.80 ** | 0.72 * | 0.68 * | 0.70 * | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
TEAC | 0.85 ** | 0.82 ** | 0.80 ** | 0.55 * | 0.50 * | 0.52 * | 0.73 * | 0.65 * | 0.67 * | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Clones | p-coumaric | Caffeic Acid | Syringic Acid | Gallic Acid | Ferulic Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | Quercetin | Myricetin | Vanillic Acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clone 1 | 5.2ab | 25.0bc | 57.6de | 13.2bc | 3.8NS | 4.2NS | 0.8NS | 0.6NS | 0.2NS |
Clone 2 | 5.5ab | 26.2bc | 58.2de | 14.7bc | 1.9 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Clone 3 | 4.2bc | 23.8bc | 59.6d | 16.0b | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Clone 4 | 4.9b | 22.0c | 51.1f | 11.2bc | 1.7 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
Clone 5 | 6.2ab | 28.4ab | 56.0e | 10.4c | 3.2 | 6.0 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 |
Clone 6 | 5.9ab | 27.7b | 54.3cd | 16.8b | 3.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Clone 7 | 6.8ab | 31.0ab | 70.3b | 14.3bc | 3.8 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
Clone 8 | 7.9a | 35.7a | 73.6a | 17.8ab | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Clone 9 | 7.6ab | 32.6ab | 68.2c | 19.1a | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Clones | p-coumaric acid | Caffeic Acid | Syringic Acid | Gallic Acid | Ferulic Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | Vanillic Acid | Quercetin | Myricetin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clone 1 | 0.2NS | 0.9NS | 1.1NS | 0.5NS | 0.2NS | 0.3NS | 0.1NS | 0.2NS | 0.3NS |
Clone 2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | ND | ND | ND |
Clone 3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | ND | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Clone 4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ND | ND |
Clone 5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Clone 6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ND |
Clone 7 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | ND | 0.5 | ND | ND | 0.1 |
Clone 8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | ND | 0.2 | 0.1 | ND |
Clone 9 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ND | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Clones | Catechin | Quercetin | Gallic Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | p-coumaric Acid | Caffeic acid | Syringic Acid | Myricetin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clone 1 | 23.2d | 60.4bc | 97.3bc | 8.6ab | 1.4NS | 2.3NS | 1.7NS | 1.9NS |
Clone 2 | 26.6c | 63.5b | 102.2b | 11.9a | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 |
Clone 3 | 20.6de | 57.5c | 104.9abc | 10.2ab | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
Clone 4 | 19.5e | 66.4ab | 95.6c | 4.1b | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 |
Clone 5 | 25.0cd | 60.9bc | 110.1a | 7.8ab | 4.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
Clone 6 | 31.1ab | 70.4ab | 104.0 | 9.8ab | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 2.9 |
Clone 7 | 29.4bc | 65.0ab | 99.2bc | 6.8ab | 2.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | ND |
Clone 8 | 33.2a | 72.1a | 95.0c | 4.0b | 3.2 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
Clone 9 | 30.1b | 63.3b | 106.8 | 7.3ab | 3.6 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 3.3 |
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Kupe, M.; Karatas, N.; Unal, M.S.; Ercisli, S.; Baron, M.; Sochor, J. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Pulp and Seed Extracts of Different Clones of the Turkish Grape Cultivar ‘Karaerik’. Plants 2021, 10, 2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102154
Kupe M, Karatas N, Unal MS, Ercisli S, Baron M, Sochor J. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Pulp and Seed Extracts of Different Clones of the Turkish Grape Cultivar ‘Karaerik’. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102154
Chicago/Turabian StyleKupe, Muhammed, Neva Karatas, Mehmet Settar Unal, Sezai Ercisli, Mojmir Baron, and Jiri Sochor. 2021. "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Pulp and Seed Extracts of Different Clones of the Turkish Grape Cultivar ‘Karaerik’" Plants 10, no. 10: 2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102154