The Effect of a Host on the Primary Metabolic Profiling of Cuscuta Campestris’ Main Organs, Haustoria, Stem and Flower
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Primary Metabolic Profiles Analysis Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Reveals a Distinct Metabolic Profile in Haustoria, Stem and Flowers with Respects to the Hosts
2.2. Determination of Total Soluble Protein and Total Phenolic Compounds
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Sample Collection
4.2. Extraction and Analysis of Primary Metabolites Using GC-MS
4.3. Total Soluble Protein Determination
4.4. Statistical Analyses
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flowers | Haustoria | Stem | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolites | Hh | Pe | Av | Hh | Pe | Av | Hh | Pe | Av |
Sugars | |||||||||
Sucrose | 229 ± 46 e | 366 ± 16 cd | 2 ± 0.03 f | 710 ± 9 a | 463 ± 17 bc | 763 ± 40 a | 535 ± 8 b | 463 ± 10 bc | 284 ± 1 de |
Glucose | 373 ± 36 bc | 473 ± 21 ab | 325 ± 5 bc | 183 ± 9 bc | 253 ± 7 bc | 30 ± 1 c | 747 ± 215 a | 485 ± 17 ab | 32 ± 2 c |
Trehalose | 38 ± 8 e | 78 ± 2 c | 372 ± 6 d | 159 ± 2 a | 110 ± 4 b | 152 ± 7 a | 113 ± 1 b | 107 ± 1 c | 55 ± 1 de |
Galactose | 828 ± 69 c | 988 ± 36 b | 794 ± 4 cd | 614 ± 18 e | 659 ± 16 de | 284 ± 12 f | 1206 ± 12 a | 1318 ± 30 a | 168 ± 5 f |
Talose | 54 ± 2 b | 65 ± 1 a | 41 ± 0.2 c | 10 ± 1 e | 32 ± 1 d | 3 ± 0.2 f | 27 ± 1 d | 42 ± 1 c | 1 ± 0.07 f |
Fructose | 115 ± 5 ab | 137 ± 4 a | 97 ± 1 bc | 14 ± 1 e | 54 ± 1 d | 11 ± 0.5 e | 48 ± 10 d | 81 ± 9 c | 5 ± 0.5 e |
Glucopyranose | 367 ± 14 a | 255 ± 54 ab | 18 ± 0.9 d | 24 ± 1 d | 18 ± 0.8 d | 76 ± 3 d | 238 ± 38 bc | 122 ± 19 cd | 9 ± 0.5 d |
Mannose | 2 ± 0.1 bc | 1 ± 0.02 bc | 460 ± 2 a | 4 ± 0 b | ND | ND | 2 ± 0.02 bc | ND | ND |
Cellobiose | 3 ± 1 c | 39 ± 2 a | 7 ± 0.4 c | 1 ± 0.1 c | 13 ± 1 c | 31 ± 3 ab | 16 ± 7 bc | 30 ± 2 ab | 13 ± 0.9 c |
Gentobiose | 11 ± 0.5 a | 8 ± 1 b | 2 ± 0.1 de | 1 ± 0.06 de | 2 ± 0.01 d | 1 ± 0.02 e | 1 ± 0.02 de | 4 ± 0.6 c | 1 ± 0.05 e |
Xylose | 11 ± 1 abc | 11 ± 1 ab | 5 ± 0.3 cd | 3 ± 0.09 de | 7 ± 0.4 bcd | 1 ± 0.01 e | 16 ± 2 a | 13 ± 1 a | 1 ± 0.02 e |
Sugar (NA1) | 1 ± 0.04 c | 2 ± 0.3 c | ND | 5 ± 3 a | 2 ± 0.05 ab | 6 ± 0.9 a | 1 ± 0.01 c | 2 ± 0.2 ab | 1 ± 0.01 c |
Sugar (NA2) | 50 ± 1 c | 123 ± 2 b | 98 ± 2 b | 23 ± 1 cd | 32 ± 0.8 cd | 6 ± 0.6 d | 193 ± a | 134 ± 2 b | 4 ± 0.8 d |
Sugar (NA3) | 513 ± 4 a | 358 ± 9 b | 297 ± 3 b | 5 ± 0.7 d | 2 ± 0.01 d | 13 ± 0.8 d | 379 ± 6 ab | 232 ± 23 c | 1 ± 0.07 d |
Sugar acids | |||||||||
Galactonic acid | 119 ± 1.9 b | 83 ± 1 c | 148 ± 4 a | 1 ± 0.02 d | 2 ± 0.1 d | 5 ± 0.4 d | 2 ± 0.4 d | 7 ± 0.1 d | 2 ± 0.06 d |
Glucuronte | 15 ± 0.9 a | 11 ± 0.5 b | 109 ± 1 c | ND | ND | 1 ± 0.02 d | ND | 1 ± 0.04 d | ND |
Gluconic acid | 242 ± 38 a | 207 ± 5 a | 40 ± 1 b | 2 ± 0.01 b | ND | 16 ± 1 b | 4 ± 0.6 b | 18 ± 1 b | 5 ± 0.5 b |
Galactaric acid | 4 ± 0.4 cd | 3 ± 0.4 d | 5 ± 0.8 b | 2 ± 0.06 e | 2 ± 0.06 e | 6 ± 0.7 a | 1 ± 0.05 e | 4 ± 0.9 bc | 2 ± 0.3 e |
TCA metabolites | |||||||||
Malic acid | 329 ± 10 b | 244 ± 5 c | 150 ± 1 d | 332 ± 5 b | 226 ± 5 c | 381 ± 8 a | 365 ± 15 ab | 328 ± 3 b | 150 ± 1 d |
Citric acid | 264 ± 13 a | 191 ± 3 cd | 152 ± 1 f | 241 ± 2 ab | 161 ± 2 ef | 186 ± 5 de | 219 ± 7 bc | 230 ± 2 b | 90 ± 0.9 g |
Succinic acid | 44 ± 2 abc | 19 ± 0.7 bc | 77 ± 1 a | 43 ± 15 abc | 11 ± 0.8 c | 13 ± 0.6 c | 15 ± 1 c | 61 ± 21 ab | 6 ± 0.4 c |
Fumaric acid | 73 ± 2 a | 22 ± 0.7 cd | 21 ± 0.9 d | 17 ± 0.9 de | 8 ± 0.5 ef | 40 ± 0.4 b | 76 ± 4 a | 13 ± 0.3 f | 30 ± 1 c |
Organic acids | |||||||||
Shikimic acid | 645 ± 45 a | 309 ± 32 bc | 224 ± 3 cd | 279 ± 13 bc | 173 ± 9 de | 278 ± 16 bc | 548 ± 17 a | 380 ± 12 b | 123 ± 1 e |
Benzoic acid | 16 ± 0.8 a | 12 ± 0.7 b | 9 ± 0.9 c | 5 ± 0.4 e | 8 ± 0.6 d | 3 ± 0.5 f | 6 ± 0.6 e | 12 ± 0.5 b | 1 ± 0.1 g |
Pyroglutamate | 10 ± 0.7 ab | 5 ± 0.6 de | 9 ± 0.6 ab | 12 ± 1 a | 7 ± 0.5 bcd | 5 ± 0.4 d | 6 ± 0.5 cd | 6 ± 1 bcd | 1 ± 0.04 e |
Nicotinic acid | 3 ± 0.2 a | 2 ± 0.02 ab | 2 ± 0.3 ab | 1 ± 0 bc | 1 ± 0.01 abc | 1 ± 0.01 bc | 1 ± 0.06 bc | 2 ± 0.02 ab | 1 ± 0.06 c |
Quinic acid | 1 ± 0.01 d | 1 ± 0.1 cd | 42 ± 1 cd | 4 ± 0 a | 2 ± 0.3 bcd | 4 ± 0.1 a | 2 ± 0.2 bc | 2 ± 0.3 bcd | 1 ± 0.03 cd |
Butanoic acid | 1 ± 0.2 a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1 ± 0.01 a | ND |
Propanoic acid | 23 ± 1 a | 10 ± 0.3 bcd | 12 ± 0.4 b | 6 ± 0.5 def | 5 ± 0.6 ef | 7 ± 0.6 de | 7 ± 1 cde | 11 ± 1 bc | 3 ± 0.02 f |
Phosphoric acid | 327 ± 4 a | 246 ± 1 b | 174 ± 3 c | 99 ± 6 e | 147 ± 5 d | 49 ± 0.4 f | 110 ± 7 e | 241 ± 4 b | 25 ± 0.4 g |
Erythronic acid | 86 ± 6 b | 51 ± 1 c | 32 ± 0.6 d | 142 ± 6 a | 148 ± 1 e | 19 ± 0.9 de | 65 ± 2 c | 32 ± 1 d | 23 ± 1 de |
GABA | 57 ± 1 a | 22 ± 0.2 c | 18 ± 0.9 c | 34 ± 1 b | 13 ± 0.7 d | 6 ± 0.7 e | 10 ± 0.9 d | 2 ± 0.4 f | 1 ± 0.07 f |
Polyols | |||||||||
Mannitol | 87 ± 35 bc | 135 ± 2 ab | 134 ± 1 ab | 53 ± 2 cd | 173 ± 4 a | 3 ± 0.8 d | 156 ± 4 a | 139 ± 2 ab | 4 ± 2 d |
Xylitol | 26 ± 11 cd | 33 ± 1 abcd | 30 ± 0.1 b | 50 ± 1 a | 46 ± 0.9 abc | 45 ± 1 abc | 43 ± 1 abc | 47 ± 2 ab | 18 ± 1 d |
Inositol | 646 ± 24 a | 488 ± 12 c | 2 ± 0 g | 470 ± 5 cd | 317 ± 5 e | 260 ± 14 e | 563 ± 10 b | 430 ± 9 d | 96 ± 3 f |
Galactinol | 20 ± 2 c | 33 ± 2 bc | 76 ± 1 ab | 13 ± 1 c | 7 ± 0.4 c | 61 ± 24 ab | 24 ± 1 bc | 7 ± 0.6 c | 63 ± 1 a |
Sorbitol | 187 ± 80 cd | 686 ± 11 ab | 303 ± 2 c | 75 ± 3 de | 677 ± 16 b | 10 ± 1 e | 229 ± 5 e | 818 ± 9 a | 13 ± 1 e |
Others | |||||||||
Ethanolamine | 83 ± 8 cd | 70 ± 1 cd | 56 ± 0 def | 88 ± 2 c | 157 ± 4 a | 63 ± 3 cde | 41 ± 6 ef | 122 ± 12 b | 29 ± 1 f |
Glycerol | 265 ± 1 a | 148 ± 2 b | 146 ± 2 b | 54 ± 2 e | 69 ± 2 de | 22 ± 0.9 f | 88 ± 3 cd | 96 ± 13 c | 15 ± 1 f |
Lumichrome | ND | 1 ± 0.07 bc | ND | ND | 2 ± 0.1 a | 2 ± 0.03 a | ND | 1 ± 0.05b | ND |
Fatty acids | |||||||||
Hexadecanoate | 10 ± 1 a | ND | 1 ± 0.1 bc | 10 ± 0.07 a | 1 ± 0.01 c | 8 ± 0.8 a | 1 ± 0.02 c | 7 ± 3 a | 7 ± 0.3 ab |
Octadecanoate | 2 ± 1 a | ND | ND | 1 ± 0.7 a | ND | 2 ± 0.07 a | ND | 2 ± 1 a | 2 ± 0.01 a |
Octadecadienoate | 3 ± 1 c | ND | ND | 7 ± 0.08 ab | 1 ± 0.01 d | 6 ± 0.7 ab | 1 ± 0.01 d | 7 ± 0.1 a | 5 ± 0.7 bc |
Octadecatrienoat | 6 ± 0.5 ab | ND | 1 ± 0.03b | 7 ± 2 ab | 2 ± 2 b | 12 ± 0.8 a | 1 ± 1 b | 8 ± 3 ab | 7 ± 0.7 ab |
Amino acids | |||||||||
Alanine | 1210 ± 44 a | 888 ± 18 b | 965 ± 74 b | 521 ± 87 c | 665 ± 30 c | 516 ± 3 c | 695 ± 24 c | 665 ± 39 c | 655 ± 15 c |
Valine | 3782 ± 232 b | 5324 ± 205 a | 3347 ± 48 b | 1124 ± 47 d | 1927 ± 81 c | 851 ± 72 d | 1183 ± 35 cd | 1601 ± 120 cd | 1307 ± 95 cd |
Serine | 5200 ± 18 8b | 5401 ± 107 b | 9591 ± 1504 a | 2890 ± 173 c | 4495 ± 265 bc | 3031 ± 178 bc | 3194 ± 71 bc | 3704 ± 722 bc | 2893 ± 231 bc |
Leucine | 2414 ± 70 a | 2113 ± 26 abc | 2180 ± 103 ab | 768 ± 12 abc | 1037 ± 6 cd | 659 ± 36 d | 973 ± 9 d | 1130 ± 19b cd | 1055 ± 39 cd |
Threonine | 627 ± 19 ab | 737 ± 12 a | 590 ± 167 ab | 551 ± 8 b | 713 ± 27 ab | 439 ± 24 b | 707 ± 5 ab | 729 ± 40 a | 621 ± 24 ab |
Isoleucine | 1199 ± 37 a | 1374 ± 24 a | 1290 ± 57 a | 566 ± 10 bc | 794 ± 13 b | 600 ± 29 bc | 601 ± 12 c | 751 ± 18 bc | 767 ± 31 b |
Proline | 1026 ± 58 a | 198 ± 15 cd | 279 ± 22 cd | 639 ± 13 b | 177 ± 41 cd | 127 ± 18 d | 328 ± 35 c | 153 ± 49 cd | 179 ± 11 cd |
Glycine | 782 ± 53 a | 921 ± 166 a | 637 ± 74 a | 311 ± 47 a | 614 ± 38 a | 544 ± 30 a | 440 ± 81 a | 369 ± 80 a | 510 ± 40 a |
Homoserine | 327 ± 21 a | 252 ± 8 abc | 267 ± 28 abcd | 176 ± 2 cd | 238 ± 29 ab | 158 ± 14 d | 223 ± 1 abcd | 204 ± 4 bcd | 221 ± 13 abcd |
Methionine | 270 ± 9 ab | 396 ± 4 a | 367 ± 19 a | 215 ± 21 b | 234 ± 47 b | 162 ± 5 b | 267 ± 5 ab | 197 ± 13 b | 270 ± 7 ab |
Phenylalanine | 562 ± 16 a | 499 ± 4 ab | 429 ± 26 abc | 241 ± 1 bcd | 300 ± 2 cd | 193 ± 1 d | 281 ± 4 cd | 327 ± 5 bcd | 327 ± 18 bcd |
Glutamate | 20294 ± 110 a | 7387 ± 243 cd | 14981 ± 789 ab | 15377 ± 295 bcd | 4623 ± 1194 d | 11007 ± 1358 bc | 14600 ± 865 abc | 12221 ± 1286 ab | 20197 ± 402 a |
Glutamine | 2130 ± 152 d | 7629 ± 895 cd | 5743 ± 901 cd | 41281 ± 3025 a | 8196 ± 661 cd | 15172 ± 1118 b | 35770 ± 1484 a | 8322 ± 614 bc | 13122 ± 1049 bc |
Tyrosine | 26612 ± 101 a | 2400 ± 197 b | 15255 ± 181 ab | 3395 ± 463 ab | 1318 ± 84 b | 5891 ± 573 ab | 7072 ± 539 ab | 7025 ± 224 ab | 9318 ± 943 ab |
Tryptophan | 4109 ± 113 a | 2628 ± 87 b | 1047 ± 214 c | 765 ± 193 c | 1251 ± 27 c | 666 ± 70 c | 727 ± 78 c | 833 ± 124 c | 1086 ± 252 c |
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Kumar, K.; Amir, R. The Effect of a Host on the Primary Metabolic Profiling of Cuscuta Campestris’ Main Organs, Haustoria, Stem and Flower. Plants 2021, 10, 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102098
Kumar K, Amir R. The Effect of a Host on the Primary Metabolic Profiling of Cuscuta Campestris’ Main Organs, Haustoria, Stem and Flower. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102098
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Krishna, and Rachel Amir. 2021. "The Effect of a Host on the Primary Metabolic Profiling of Cuscuta Campestris’ Main Organs, Haustoria, Stem and Flower" Plants 10, no. 10: 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102098