Cloning Coconut via Somatic Embryogenesis: A Review of the Current Status and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Importance of Suitable Explants
3. Effect of Media Composition
4. Role of Plant Growth Regulators
5. Acclimatization of Plantlets
6. Molecular Control of Somatic Embryogenesis in Coconut
7. Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explant | Media Composition and Plant Growth Regulators | Variety/Hybrid | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basal Media (Callus Induction) | Plant Growth Regulator (Callus Induction) | Plant Growth Regulator (Embryo Maturation) | |||
Rachilla and stem | Eeuwen’s Y3 basal medium and sucrose (6.8%), and agar (0.39%) | 2,4-D (0.1 μM), BAP (5 μM), and GA3 (10 μM) | BAP | Jamaican Malayan Dwarf | [18] |
Young foliage tissue | Eeuwens’ salts, Morel’s Vitamin, sucrose (30 g/L) and agar (0.8%) | 2,4-D or TCPP | BAP | Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) × West African Tall (WAT) | [45] |
Root, stem and leave | Murashige and Skoog (MS) macro-nutrients, Y3 micro-nutrients, improved Blake vitamin, sucrose (5%), Activated Charcoal (AC; 0.25%), 300 mgL−1 casein hydrolysate and myo-inositol (100 mgL−1), 5% agar | 2,4-D (100 μM), BAP (5 μM) and 2iP (5 μM) | 2,4-D (100 μM), BAP (5 μM) and 2iP (5 μM) | Jamaican Malayan Dwarf | [55] |
Rachilla, stem and foliage | Eeuwen’s Y3, sucrose (5%), and AC (0.25%), and agar (0.6%) | 2,4-D (452 μM), NAA (2.69 μM), BAP (8.88 μM), Kinetin (4.65 μM) | 2,4-D (2.3 μM) | West Coast Tall | [56] |
Young embryo | Gamborg’s B5 medium, and agar (0.7%) | IAA, NAA, 2,4-D, BAP or Kinetin (0.5 mg/L to 5 mg/L) | IAA (2 mg/L) | West Coast Tall | [57] |
Embryo | Broad spectrum tissue culture medium, sucrose (30 g/L), AC (0.25%) and agar (0.8%) | 2,4-D (12–20 μM) | 2,4-D (8 μM and 2 μM), BAP (10 μM) and Kinetin (10 μM) | Typica | [33] |
Immature inflorescence | Eeuwen’s Y3, Morel and Wetmore (MW) Vitamins, sucrose (116.8 mM) and AC (2 g/L) | 2,4-D and BAP (10−5 M) | MYD × WAT, WAT × MYD and MYD | [58] | |
Immature inflorescence | Modified MS macro nutrients, Nitsch micronutrients, MW Vitamins, EDTA (26 mg), iron (24.9 mg), sucrose (20 g/L), ascorbic acid (100 mg/L), malic acid (100 mg/L), adenine sulfate (30 mg/L), agar (7.5 g/L) and AC (3 g/L) | 2,4-D (100 mg/L) and BAP (1 mg/ L) | 2,4-D (130 mg/L) and BAP (140 mg/L) | PB 121 (MYDxWAT) | [59] |
Embryo slice | Eeuwen’s Y3, sucrose (90 mM), AC (2.5 g/L) and Agar (0.7%) | 2,4-D (125 μM), AVG (1 µM) and | 2,4-D (50 μM) | Batu Layar Tall | [60] |
Plumule | Eeuwen’s Y3, AC (2.5 g/L) and gelrite (3 g/L) | 2,4-D (0.1 mM) | 2,4-D (1 μM) and BAP (50 μM) | Malayan Dwarf | [41] |
Mature embryo slice | M2, sucrose (0–100 g/L), and AC (2.5 g/L), and agar (7.5 g/L) | 2,4-D (125 μM) and ABA (0–90 μM) | 2,4-D | Batu Layar Tall | [34] |
Immature embryo | BM72, sucrose (40 g/L) and AC (0.25%), and agar (0.8%) | 2,4-D (24 μM), and ABA (2.5–7.5 μM) | 2,4-D and cytokinin (2–10 μM) | Sri Lanka Tall | [20] |
Plumule | BM72, sucrose (4% w/v), and agar (0.8%) | 2,4-D (24 μM) | N/A | Sri Lanka Tall | [61] |
Plumule | Eeuwen’s Y3, sucrose (30 g/L), AC (2.5 g/L), gelrite (3 g/L) | 2,4-D (600 μM) | 2,4-D (6 μM), and BAP (300 μM) | Green Malayan Dwarf | [11] |
Plumule | Eeuwen’s Y3, gelrite (3 g/L) and AC (2.5 g/L) | 2,4-D (0.65 mM) | 2,4-D (6 μM), and BAP (300 μM) | Green Malayan Dwarf | [62] |
Unfertilized ovary | CRI 72 and agar (2%) | 2,4-D (100 μM) | 2,4-D (66 μM) and ABA (5 μM) | Sri Lanka Tall | [29] |
Immature inflorescence | Eeuwen’s Y3, sucrose (30 g/L) and AC (2.5 g/L) | Spermine (0.01 µM), Smoke-saturated-water (10%) and auxin (500 µ M). | 2,4-D and PGR free no PGR and | Malayan Yellow Dwarf | [63] |
Inflorescence | CRI 72, sucrose (40 g/L) and AC (0.1%) | 2,4-D (100 μM) and TDZ (9 μM) | No growth regulators | Sri Lanka Tall | [52] |
Rachilla | Eeuwen’s Y3, AC (2.5 g/L) and gelrite (3 g/L)) | 2,4-D (0.65 mM) | 2,4-D (0.325 and 0.006 mM), BAP (0.3 mM) and GA3 (0.0046 mM) | MYD × MXPT Malayan Red Dwarf) MRD × (Tagnanan) TAGT | [40] |
Plumule | Eeuwen’s Y3, MW vitamins, agar (2.5 g/L) | 2,4-D (600 μM) | 2,4-D (6 μM) and BAP (300 μM) | MYD, Makapuno, XXD and PB121 | [10] |
Plumule | Eeuwen’s Y3, sucrose (50 g/L), AC (2.5 g/L) and gelrite (3 g/L) | 2,4-D (600 μM) | 2,4-D (6 μM) and (300 μM BAP) | Green Malayan Dwarf | [38] |
Gene Family and Other Genetic Mechanism | Gene(s) | Gene Expression Pattern | References |
---|---|---|---|
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-like KINASE (SERK) | CnSERK | Highly expressed in the callus tissues at the initiation stage of SE | [100] |
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) | CnCDKA | Increased expression during the formation of embryogenic callus and decreased in the germinated somatic embryos | [36] |
KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOX) | CnKNOX1 | Highly expressed at the coleoptilar somatic embryo growth | [74] |
CnKNOX2 | Highly expressed at the globular stages of somatic embryo growth | ||
CLAVATA (CLV) | CLV | Increased at the early stages of callus formation | [102] |
SERK, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK), APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), SAUR family protein, EMBRYOGENIC CELL PROTEIN (ECP), LATE EMBRYOGENESIS-ABUNDANT PROTEIN (LEA), ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN (AGP) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) | SERK, MAPK, AP2/ERF, SAUR, ECP, LEA, AGP, ANT | Highly expressed in embryogenic calli | [102] |
GERMIN-LIKE PROTEIN (GLP), GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE (GST), PICKLE (PKL), WUSCHEL (WUS) | GLP, GST, PKL, WUS, WRKY | Highly expressed during the somatic embryo development stage | [102] |
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) | Several miRNAs, and their targets | Found in embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli produced from plumular explants | [6,103] |
Epigenetic mechanism | SERK, WUS, BBM and LEC | Treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor promoted early SE formation and modulated the expression of SERK, WUS, BBM and LEC genes | [104] |
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Kalaipandian, S.; Mu, Z.; Kong, E.Y.Y.; Biddle, J.; Cave, R.; Bazrafshan, A.; Wijayabandara, K.; Beveridge, F.C.; Nguyen, Q.; Adkins, S.W. Cloning Coconut via Somatic Embryogenesis: A Review of the Current Status and Future Prospects. Plants 2021, 10, 2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102050
Kalaipandian S, Mu Z, Kong EYY, Biddle J, Cave R, Bazrafshan A, Wijayabandara K, Beveridge FC, Nguyen Q, Adkins SW. Cloning Coconut via Somatic Embryogenesis: A Review of the Current Status and Future Prospects. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102050
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalaipandian, Sundaravelpandian, Zhihua Mu, Eveline Yee Yan Kong, Julianne Biddle, Robyn Cave, Amirhossein Bazrafshan, Kusinara Wijayabandara, Fernanda Caro Beveridge, Quang Nguyen, and Steve W. Adkins. 2021. "Cloning Coconut via Somatic Embryogenesis: A Review of the Current Status and Future Prospects" Plants 10, no. 10: 2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102050